Installation
This page explains the basics and gets you started, but before you actually install, it can also help to skim through the Frequenty Asked Questions (FAQ).
Typical Hardware Requirements
- At least 100 MB of RAM (A graphical desktop system may require up to 1 GB minimum.)
- A writable storage device. Optional for saving data and configuration of systems running in "diskless" mode. Required for running in "sys" or "data" mode (explained below).
Installation Overview
(Note: To run Alpine on single-board-computers (SBCs) (architectures that do not have .iso images available), see e.g. Alpine on ARM instead.)
The regular installation is started by carrying out three basic steps (more details follow further below):
1.) Downloading and verifying the proper stable-release ISO installation image for your computer's architecture, and the corresponding sha256
(checksum) and GPG
(signature) files.
2.) Either burning the ISO image onto a blank CD/DVD/Blue-ray disk with your favorite disk burning software, or flashing the installation image onto a bootable storage device (USB-device, CF-/MMC-/SD-card, floppy, ...).
3.) Booting the computer from the prepared disk or storage device.
The boot process then copies the entire operating system into the RAM memory, and runs it completely from RAM. This means that the started command line environment does not depend on reading from the (slow) initial boot media anymore.
Log-in as the user root
with its initially empty password.
Now an interactive script called setup-alpine
can be used to configure the initial Alpine Linux system. Alternatively, more specific setup-scripts, the apk package manager, and all the general command line tools can be used first, for example, to install custom package requirements to prepare the system for setup-alpine
or the first boot.
Note that setup-alpine
can configure the system to boot into one of three general Alpinelinux disk modes:
diskless mode This is the default boot mode of the .iso images. setup-alpine
configures this if selecting to install to "disk=none", and it means that the whole operating system and the applications run extremely fast from within RAM (saving unnecessary disk spin-ups, power and wear). A customized configuration and package selection may still be completely preserved on permanent storage media by using the "local backup utility" lbu
and a local package cache. [Fixme: setup-alpine
still needs this detour to prepare a partition for this.] In setup-alpine, select to store configs and the package cache on a partition. (That mounted partition may later also be used by configuring some important applications to keep their data on it.)
data mode This mode is still accelerated by running the system from RAM, however swap storage and the whole /var directory tree gets mounted from a persistent storage device (two newly created partitions). This location holds e.g. all log files, mailspools, databases, etc., as well as lbu
backup commits and the package cache. The mode is useful for having RAM accelerated servers with amounts of variable user-data that exceed the available RAM size, and to let the entire current system state (not just the boot state) survive a system crash according to the particular filesystem's guarantees. [Fixme: Storing lbu configs to disk is not auto-configured after configuring the data partition, one still has to select saving configs to "none" first (the new data partition is not listed), and to manually set e.g. LBU_MEDIA=sda2 in /etc/lbu/lbu.conf and execute echo "/dev/sda2 /media/sda2 vfat rw 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
afterwards, to have the partition (here sda2) used.] The boot device may remain to be the one initially used, and can even be immutable (read-only).
sys mode This is a traditional hard-disk install. If this mode is selected, the setup-alpine
script defaults to create three partitions on the selected storage device, /boot, swap and / (the filesystem root). This mode may be used for generic desktop and development machines, for example.
Additional Details
This material needs expanding ...
|
This "Additional Details" section needs to be consolidated with the work at https://docs.alpinelinux.org (not finished) (Restructuring things there, moving and linking from here or there?).
Verifying the downloaded image file
OS type | SHA256 check |
SHA256 calculation (to be compared manually) |
GPG signature verification
|
---|---|---|---|
Linux | sha256sum -c alpine-*.iso.sha256 |
curl https://alpinelinux.org/keys/ncopa.asc | gpg --import ;
| |
Windows (PowerShell installed) | - ? - | Get-FileHash .\alpine-<image-version>.iso -Algorithm SHA256 |
- ? - |
Flashing (direct data write) of the installation image file to an USB device or SD-Card media
Under Linux, "everything is a file" and you can direct the data from the file with the dd
command, and then execute the sync
command to ensure waiting for the completion of the data writes:
dd if=<iso file to read in> of=<target device node to write out to> bs=4M ; sync
Be careful to correctly identify the target device to overwrite, because all previously contained data gets lost! The "bulk devices" can be listed with lsblk
.
First, make sure to unmount all partitions on the target device individually, but then do not use a partition number when specifying dd
's out-file (of=
). For example, write to sdX and not sdX1:
dd if=~/Downloads/alpine-standard-3.00.0-x86_64.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4M ; sync
The target device will be erased completely, so make sure it does not containing any data that you still need.
Booting from external devices
Insert the boot media to a proper drive or port of the computer and turn the machine on, or restart it, if already running.
If the computer does not automatically boot from the desired device, one needs to bring up the boot menu selection for choosing the media to boot from. Depending on the computer the menu may be accessed by quickly (repeatedly) pressing a key when booting starts, or sometimes it is needed to press the button before starting the computer and keep holding it when it boots. Typical keys are: `F9`-`F12`, sometimes `F7` or `F8`. If these don't bring up the boot menu, it may be necessary to enter the BIOS configuration and adjust the boot settings, for which typical keys are: `Del.` `F1` `F2` `F6` or `Esc.`
Questions asked by setup-alpine
The setup-alpine
script offers to configure:
- Keyboard Layout (Local keyboard language and usage mode, e.g. us and variant of us-nodeadkeys.)
- Hostname (The name for the computer.)
- Network (For example, automatic IP address discovery with the "DHCP" protocol.)
- DNS Servers (Domain name servers to query. For privacy reasons it is NOT recommended to route every local request to servers like google's
8.8.8.8.) - Timezone
- Proxy (Proxy server to use for accessing the web. Use "none" for direct connections to the internet.)
- Mirror (From where to download packages. Choose the organization you trust giving your usage patterns.)
- SSH (Remote login server. The "openssh" is part of the default install images. Use "none" to disable remote logins, e.g. on laptops.)
- NTP (Client package to use for keeping the system clock in sync. Package "chrony" is part of the default install images.)
- Disk Mode (Select between diskless (disk="none"), "data" or "sys", as described above.)
All data on the chosen device will be erased!
After the script finishes installing the system, it will tell you to reboot.
Rebooting and testing the new system
After the installation is completed, the system may be power-cycled or rebooted to confirm that everything is working. If the configured disk mode was "sys", then remove the initial installation media to boot the newly installed system.
The relevant commands for this are reboot
or poweroff
.
Customizing the installation
The installation script only installs the base operating system. Applications such as a web server, mail server, desktop environment, or web browser are not installed and root
is the only normal user. For instructions on proceeding after installation, please see the "Post-Install" list of links below.
Further Documentation
Installing
- Directly booting an ISO file (without flashing it to a disk or device)
- Setting up Networking (incl. non-standard configurations)
Post-Install
- Enable Community Repository (Providing additional packages)
- Package Management (apk) (general search/add/del packages etc.)
setup-xorg-base
(display graphics, if required)- How to get regular stuff working (things one may miss with a too lightweight Alpine )
- Local backup utility
lbu
(persisting RAM system configurations)- Back Up a Flash Memory Installation ("diskless mode" systems)
- Manually_editing_a_existing_apkovl (the stored custom configs)
- Init System (OpenRC) (Configure a service to automatically boot at next reboot)
- Hosting services on Alpine (Links to several mail/web/ssh server setup pages)
- Runnig programs and services in their own Firejail Security Sandbox
- Upgrading Alpine (checking for and installing updates)
- How_to_make_a_custom_ISO_image_with_mkimage
Further Help and Information
- Running glibc programs (Installation and development)
- How to Contribute
- Developer Documentation
- Wiki etiquette to collaborate on this documentation
Other Guides
There may still be something useful to find and sort out of the newbie's install notes in this wiki, but beware that they can contain highly opinionated content and lack explanations.