Post installation: Difference between revisions

From Alpine Linux
(Fix formatting, improve wording)
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== General Notes ==
== General Notes ==


* When '''#''' is displayed before a command that means the command needs to be run with root privileges,
* When '''#''' is displayed before a command, that means the command needs to be run with root privileges.


* Anything in < > is likely just a placeholder that you need to replace (example: <editor> file.txt)
* Anything in < > is likely just a placeholder that you need to replace (example: <editor> file.txt).


* Some information in here might be a repeat of information in other wiki pages, if you find a section where that is the case please add a link to the original wiki page.
* Some information in here might be a repeat of information in other wiki pages. If you find a section where that is the case, please add a link to the original wiki page.


<br>
<br>
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<br>
<br>


== Creating a new user account ==
== Creating a new standard user account ==


After installing Alpine by default you only get a root account. You will probably want to create an account that is not root,
After installing Alpine by default you only get a root account. You will probably want to create an account that is not root,
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<br>
<br>


You will probably want to install '''doas''' so you can allow <YourUsername> to use root privileges
You will probably want to install '''doas''' so you can allow <YourUsername> to use root privileges:
 
{{cmd|# apk add doas}}
{{cmd|# apk add doas}}


<br>
<br>


If you want your user to be able to use root privileges add them to the Wheel group
If you want your user to be able to use root privileges, first add them to the '''wheel''' group:
 
{{cmd|# adduser <YourUsername> wheel}}
{{cmd|# adduser <YourUsername> wheel}}


<br>
<br>


Allow members of the '''Wheel''' group to use root privileges with doas:
You will then want to allow members of the '''wheel''' group to use root privileges with '''doas'''. To do this, open the '''doas''' config file:


{{cmd|# <editor> /etc/doas.d/doas.conf}}
{{cmd|# <editor> /etc/doas.d/doas.conf}}


add this to a new line:
Add the following line and save the file:
 
{{cmd|permit persist :wheel}}
{{cmd|permit persist :wheel}}


<br>
<br>


Switch to the new account type '''exit''' in the shell and login with the new user,
To switch to your new account, type '''exit''' in the shell and login as the new user.


<br>
<br>
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==== Groups ====
==== Groups ====


Groups are needed for certain operations on your system (e.g <code>audio</code> to manage your system audio), below is a list of groups,
Groups are needed for certain operations on your system (e.g <code>audio</code> to manage your system audio). Below is a list of groups:
{{Note|may be incomplete, if you see a group missing please add it along with a description}}
{{Note|may be incomplete, if you see a group missing please add it along with a description}}


{{Cmd|disk:x:6:root,adm      Only if need usage vith virtual machines and access to other partitions over new disks for
{{Cmd|disk:x:6:root,adm      Only if need usage with virtual machines and access to other partitions over new disks for
lp:x:7:lp              If will need to use printing services and printers management
lp:x:7:lp              If you need use printing services and printers management
floppy:x:11:root      Backguard compatible group, use only if need access to external special devices
floppy:x:11:root      Backward compatible group, use only if need access to external special devices
audio:x:18:            Need for audio listening and management of sound volumes as normal user
audio:x:18:            Need for audio listening and management of sound volumes as normal user
cdrom:x:19:            For access to disk writers and mounting DVD, BR or CD rom disk as normal user
cdrom:x:19:            For access to disk writers and mounting DVD, BR or CD-ROM disk as normal user
dialout:x:20:root      Need for dial private connections and use of modems as normal users
dialout:x:20:root      Need for dial private connections and use of modems as normal users
tape:x:26:root        Need this if planning to use special devices for backup. Rarely used on servers
tape:x:26:root        Need this if planning to use special devices for backup. Rarely used on servers
video:x:27:root        For usage of cameras, mor thant one GPU special features, as normal user
video:x:27:root        For usage of cameras, more than one GPU special features, as normal user
netdev:x:28:          For network connections management as normal user
netdev:x:28:          For network connections management as normal user
kvm:x:34:kvm          Only if as normal user will manage graphically virtual machines. Rarely used on servers
kvm:x:34:kvm          Only if as normal user will manage graphically virtual machines. Rarely used on servers
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cdrw:x:80:            To write RW-DVD, RW-BR or RW-CD disk on a disk writing device
cdrw:x:80:            To write RW-DVD, RW-BR or RW-CD disk on a disk writing device
apache:x:81:          Need if you will perform development as normal user and want to publish locally on web server
apache:x:81:          Need if you will perform development as normal user and want to publish locally on web server
usb:x:85:              Need to access to special usb devices, deprecated group
usb:x:85:              Need to access to special USB devices, deprecated group
users:x:100:games      If you plan to used common files for all users, mandatory as desktop usage
users:x:100:games      If you plan to used common files for all users, mandatory as desktop usage
input:x:23            Needed if you want your mouse and keyboard to work in a graphical desktop environment (xorg only? idk) }}
input:x:23            Needed if you want your mouse and keyboard to work in a graphical desktop environment (xorg only? idk) }}
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The Alpine software repositories have three branches:
The Alpine software repositories have three branches:


* '''Main''': Main packages are the Alpine software that has direct support and updates from the Alpine core and main team. They also have official special documentation, are always available for all releases and will have substitutions if some are not continued from upstream. Commonly, those packages are selected due to their responsibility and stability with respect to upstream availability. When those in ''testing'' perform well or are mature, they go to the ''main'' branch.
* '''Main''': Main packages are the Alpine software that have direct support and updates from the Alpine core and main team. They also have official special documentation, are always available for all releases and will have substitutions if some are not continued from upstream. Commonly, those packages are selected due to their responsibility and stability with respect to upstream availability. When those in ''testing'' perform well or are mature, they go to the ''main'' branch.
* '''Community''': Community packages are those made by users in concert with the official developers and integrated into the Alpine packages. They are user supported. Support could end if the user ends support with respect to Alpine work. For example, could not include substitution in next release due to lack of support by the upstream author. They are in ''edge'' and when accepted, go to the ''community'' branch.
* '''Community''': Community packages are those made by users in concert with the official developers and integrated into the Alpine packages. They are user supported. Support could end if the user ends support with respect to Alpine work. For example, could not include substitution in next release due to lack of support by the upstream author. They are in ''edge'', and when accepted, go to the ''community'' branch.
* '''Edge''': New packages come into testing repositories of the edge Alpine version and are those made by any contributor or man power on Alpine. The edge contains unstable current development content. This branch has no release linked or related to Alpine. They are in ''testing'' and when accepted, go to the ''community'' branch.
* '''Edge''': New packages come into testing repositories of the edge Alpine version and are those made by any contributor or manpower on Alpine. The edge contains unstable current development content. This branch has no release linked or related to Alpine. They are in ''testing'' and when accepted, go to the ''community'' branch.


<br>
<br>


By default only the '''main''' repository is enabled, most users will probably want to enable the '''community''' repository, to enable a repository remove the '''#''' in front of the url along with any blank space.
By default only the '''main''' repository is enabled. Most users will probably want to enable the '''community''' repository. To enable a repository, remove the '''#''' in front of the URL along with any blank space.


<br>
<br>
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{{cat|/etc/apk/repositories|http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.15/community}}
{{cat|/etc/apk/repositories|http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.15/community}}


<br>


<br>
To edit the repositories, open the <code>/etc/apk/repositories</code> file in a text editor:


To edit the repositories open the file in a text editor:
{{cmd|# <editor> /etc/apk/repositories}}
{{cmd|# <editor> /etc/apk/repositories}}


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#http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing}}
#http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing}}


{{Note|The edge repositories contain unstable and/or possibly untested packages use at your own risk!}}
{{Note|The edge repositories contain unstable and/or possibly untested packages. Use at your own risk!}}


<br>
<br>


To avoid having to manually update the verison in '''/etc/apk/repositories''' for each Alpine Linux update, change '''v3.15''' to '''latest-stable'''
To avoid having to manually update the verison in '''/etc/apk/repositories''' for each Alpine Linux update, change '''v3.15''' to '''latest-stable'''.


Example:
Example:
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#http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing}}
#http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing}}


{{Note|Changing the repositories to latest-stable may initiate unexpected release upgrades, do this at your own risk!}}
{{Note|Changing the repositories to latest-stable may initiate unexpected release upgrades. Do this at your own risk!}}


<br>
<br>


For [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS#Technical security reasons] it may be a good idea to change the url's from '''http''' to '''https'''
For [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS#Technical security reasons], it may be a good idea to change the url's from '''http''' to '''https'''


Example:
Example:
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#https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing}}
#https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing}}


{{Note|some Alpine Linux package mirrors may not support https, if that is the case you will need to revert back or change mirrors}}
{{Note|Some Alpine Linux package mirrors may not support HTTPS. If that is the case, you will need to revert back or change mirrors.}}


<br>
<br>


Once you have edited '''/etc/apk/repositories''' sync the repositories with:
Once you have edited '''/etc/apk/repositories''', sync the repositories with:


{{cmd|# apk update}}
{{cmd|# apk update}}
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==== Xorg ====
==== Xorg ====
Most desktop enviroments (DE) or Windows Managers (WM) require Xorg (also called: X11, X), although in the future many will fully migrate to [[Wayland]] currently Xorg is still widely used,
Most desktop environments (DE) or Windows Managers (WM) require Xorg (also called: X11, X). While in the future many will fully migrate to [[Wayland]], currently Xorg is still widely used.


<br>
<br>


There is two ways you can get Xorg installed,
There are two ways you can get Xorg installed.


<br>
<br>


By default Alpine Linux provides a script that will install Xorg, run the following command to install Xorg:
By default Alpine Linux provides a script that will install Xorg. Run the following command to install Xorg:
{{cmd|# setup-xorg-base}}
{{cmd|# setup-xorg-base}}


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== Fonts ==
== Fonts ==


If you plan to use a graphical environment you may need/want to install fonts
If you plan to use a graphical desktop environment, you may need/want to install fonts.
{{Note|depending on the desktop environment/window manager fonts may or may not be installed automatically or as dependencies}}
{{Note|depending on the desktop environment/window manager fonts may or may not be installed automatically or as dependencies}}


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== Sound ==
== Sound ==


By default Alpine doesnt come with any Sound managment out of the box, these are your options:
By default Alpine does not come with any sound management out of the box. These are your options:


* [[PipeWire]]
* [[PipeWire]]
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* [[ALSA]]
* [[ALSA]]


{{Note|If your unsure {{Pkg|pipewire}} is the recommended option}}
{{Note|If you are unsure, {{Pkg|pipewire}} is the recommended option}}


<br>
<br>
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Some other miscellaneous things that might be useful:
Some other miscellaneous things that might be useful:


==== basic tools ====
==== Basic tools ====


Alpine is a minimalist Linux distribution. If you expected a behavior like other Linux distributions, the similarity to them will be minimal at best. Run:  
Alpine is a minimalist Linux distribution. If you expected a behavior like other Linux distributions, the similarity to them will be minimal at best. To install a selection of commonly used packages, run:  


{{Cmd|# apk add sed attr dialog bash bash-completion grep util-linux pciutils usbutils binutils findutils readline lsof less nano curl}}
{{Cmd|# apk add sed attr dialog bash bash-completion grep util-linux pciutils usbutils binutils findutils readline lsof less nano curl}}
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== Troubleshooting ==
== Troubleshooting ==


==== I don´t have permission to do anything in my user's home directory ====
==== I don't have permission to do anything in my user's home directory! ====


By default the permissions of your new user(s) home directory may be limited to the root account, run one of these commands to change that:  
By default the permissions of your new user(s) home directory may be limited to the root account. Run one of these commands to change that:  


{{cmd|# chown <YourUserName> /home/<YourUserName> && chmod 700 /home/<YourUsername>}}
{{cmd|# chown <YourUserName> /home/<YourUserName> && chmod 700 /home/<YourUsername>}}

Revision as of 20:06, 16 March 2022

This material is work-in-progress ...

Still might be missing some things but (i think) it is mostly complete
(Last edited by Viridian on 16 Mar 2022.)

Note: This Post Installation wiki page has been created, however, its information is better to be kept in their (even already existing!) own and individually manageable ("authoritative") topic pages and only directly referenced (linked) from the list in the Installation overview page. (Not to be duplicated here and to never get updated again!) If you would like to help with this process please go ahead.

General Notes

  • When # is displayed before a command, that means the command needs to be run with root privileges.
  • Anything in < > is likely just a placeholder that you need to replace (example: <editor> file.txt).
  • Some information in here might be a repeat of information in other wiki pages. If you find a section where that is the case, please add a link to the original wiki page.


Network setup

Wi-Fi

Ethernet (Wired)

This material needs expanding ...

Documentation on Ethernet (Wired) internet setup needs to be created/expanded, maybe information from other wiki's/docs might be helpful?


Creating a new standard user account

After installing Alpine by default you only get a root account. You will probably want to create an account that is not root,

# adduser <YourUsername>

Note: replace <YourUsername> with the username of your choice


You will probably want to install doas so you can allow <YourUsername> to use root privileges:

# apk add doas


If you want your user to be able to use root privileges, first add them to the wheel group:

# adduser <YourUsername> wheel


You will then want to allow members of the wheel group to use root privileges with doas. To do this, open the doas config file:

# <editor> /etc/doas.d/doas.conf

Add the following line and save the file:

permit persist :wheel


To switch to your new account, type exit in the shell and login as the new user.


Groups

Groups are needed for certain operations on your system (e.g audio to manage your system audio). Below is a list of groups:

Note: may be incomplete, if you see a group missing please add it along with a description

disk:x:6:root,adm Only if need usage with virtual machines and access to other partitions over new disks for lp:x:7:lp If you need use printing services and printers management floppy:x:11:root Backward compatible group, use only if need access to external special devices audio:x:18: Need for audio listening and management of sound volumes as normal user cdrom:x:19: For access to disk writers and mounting DVD, BR or CD-ROM disk as normal user dialout:x:20:root Need for dial private connections and use of modems as normal users tape:x:26:root Need this if planning to use special devices for backup. Rarely used on servers video:x:27:root For usage of cameras, more than one GPU special features, as normal user netdev:x:28: For network connections management as normal user kvm:x:34:kvm Only if as normal user will manage graphically virtual machines. Rarely used on servers games:x:35: Need if you want to play games also especially needed to share score between users cdrw:x:80: To write RW-DVD, RW-BR or RW-CD disk on a disk writing device apache:x:81: Need if you will perform development as normal user and want to publish locally on web server usb:x:85: Need to access to special USB devices, deprecated group users:x:100:games If you plan to used common files for all users, mandatory as desktop usage input:x:23 Needed if you want your mouse and keyboard to work in a graphical desktop environment (xorg only? idk)


To add your user to a group use the following command:

# adduser <YourUsername> <group>

Note: you need to log out for the group change(s) to take effect


Repositories

The Alpine software repositories have three branches:

  • Main: Main packages are the Alpine software that have direct support and updates from the Alpine core and main team. They also have official special documentation, are always available for all releases and will have substitutions if some are not continued from upstream. Commonly, those packages are selected due to their responsibility and stability with respect to upstream availability. When those in testing perform well or are mature, they go to the main branch.
  • Community: Community packages are those made by users in concert with the official developers and integrated into the Alpine packages. They are user supported. Support could end if the user ends support with respect to Alpine work. For example, could not include substitution in next release due to lack of support by the upstream author. They are in edge, and when accepted, go to the community branch.
  • Edge: New packages come into testing repositories of the edge Alpine version and are those made by any contributor or manpower on Alpine. The edge contains unstable current development content. This branch has no release linked or related to Alpine. They are in testing and when accepted, go to the community branch.


By default only the main repository is enabled. Most users will probably want to enable the community repository. To enable a repository, remove the # in front of the URL along with any blank space.


(Example) Disabled:

Contents of /etc/apk/repositories

#http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.15/community

(Example) Enabled:

Contents of /etc/apk/repositories

http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.15/community


To edit the repositories, open the /etc/apk/repositories file in a text editor:

# <editor> /etc/apk/repositories


Example default configuration:

Contents of /etc/apk/repositories

#/media/cdrom/apks http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.15/main # http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.15/community #http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/main #http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/community #http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing
Note: The edge repositories contain unstable and/or possibly untested packages. Use at your own risk!


To avoid having to manually update the verison in /etc/apk/repositories for each Alpine Linux update, change v3.15 to latest-stable.

Example:

Contents of /etc/apk/repositories

#/media/cdrom/apks http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/latest-stable/main http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/latest-stable/community #http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/main #http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/community #http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing
Note: Changing the repositories to latest-stable may initiate unexpected release upgrades. Do this at your own risk!


For security reasons, it may be a good idea to change the url's from http to https

Example:

Contents of /etc/apk/repositories

#/media/cdrom/apks https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.15/main https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.15/community #https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/main #https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/community #https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing
Note: Some Alpine Linux package mirrors may not support HTTPS. If that is the case, you will need to revert back or change mirrors.


Once you have edited /etc/apk/repositories, sync the repositories with:

# apk update


Installing a Display Server (for graphical sessions)

Xorg

Most desktop environments (DE) or Windows Managers (WM) require Xorg (also called: X11, X). While in the future many will fully migrate to Wayland, currently Xorg is still widely used.


There are two ways you can get Xorg installed.


By default Alpine Linux provides a script that will install Xorg. Run the following command to install Xorg:

# setup-xorg-base

or

# apk add xorg-server xorg-server-common xorg-server-dev xorgproto xorgxrdp xorgxrdp-dev

Note: the apk add method is probably incomplete


Wayland

See also: Wayland

This material needs expanding ...

Wayland documentation needs to be expanded


Fonts

If you plan to use a graphical desktop environment, you may need/want to install fonts.

Note: depending on the desktop environment/window manager fonts may or may not be installed automatically or as dependencies

See: Fonts


Installing a desktop environment or window manager

See: Desktop environments and Window managers


Sound

By default Alpine does not come with any sound management out of the box. These are your options:

Note: If you are unsure, pipewire is the recommended option


Language support

This material needs expanding ...

Please feel free to help us complete it.

  • Fix unicode defaults: sed -i 's/#unicode="NO"/#unicode="NO"\nunicode="YES"/' /etc/rc.conf
  • apk add musl-locales Installs a limited set of locales (languages) for musl (C library) generated console messages.
  • Listing defined locales is possible with locale -a
  • cp /etc/profile.d/locale.sh /etc/profile.d/locale.sh.sh Copies the default locale settings. Then the custom override file can be edited nano /etc/profile.d/locale.sh.sh.
  • apk add lang Pulls in the translation packages of all installed packages.
  • apk list hunspell* To list available hunspell dictionary packages.
  • apk list *-xy *-xy-* To list translation packages for your specific (xy) language (for example, pt for Portuguese).


Miscellaneous

Some other miscellaneous things that might be useful:

Basic tools

Alpine is a minimalist Linux distribution. If you expected a behavior like other Linux distributions, the similarity to them will be minimal at best. To install a selection of commonly used packages, run:

# apk add sed attr dialog bash bash-completion grep util-linux pciutils usbutils binutils findutils readline lsof less nano curl

$ export PAGER=less


Troubleshooting

I don't have permission to do anything in my user's home directory!

By default the permissions of your new user(s) home directory may be limited to the root account. Run one of these commands to change that:

# chown <YourUserName> /home/<YourUserName> && chmod 700 /home/<YourUsername>

or

# chown <YourUserName> /home/<YourUserName> && chmod 750 /home/<YourUsername>


See also

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