http://alpinelinux.org/about under Why the Name Alpine? states: [ref?]

The first open-source implementation of Cisco's DMVPN, called OpenNHRP, was written for Alpine Linux.

So the aim of this document is to be the reference Linux DMVPN setup, with all the networking services needed for the clients that will use the DMVPN (DNS, firewall, etc.). Small Office Services offers additional services such as DHCP for clients, http proxying, and a basic SIP telephone system.

Terminology

NBMA: Non-Broadcast Multi-Access network as described in RFC 2332

Hub: the Next Hop Server (NHS) performing the Next Hop Resolution Protocol service within the NBMA cloud.

Spoke: the Next Hop Resolution Protocol Client (NHC) which initiates NHRP requests of various types in order to obtain access to the NHRP service.

Tip: At the time of this writing the recommended Alpine version for building a DMVPN should be at minimum 2.4.11. Don't use 2.5.x, or 2.6.0 since the kernel has in-tunnel IP fragmentation issues. Alpine 3.0 has also a Musl issue in getprotobyname(). Alpine 2.7.x has been thoroughly tested and 3.0.3 hasn't shown any issue so far.

Note: This document assumes that all Alpine installations are run in diskless mode and that the configuration is saved on USB key

Hardware

If you are looking for hundreds of megabits of throughput for your VPN with a limited budget, you should consider using VIA Padlock engine present in VIA processor C7, Eden, Nano and Quad. If you need gigabits throughput you should go instead for an Intel Xeon processor with AES-NI and SHA Extensions

For supporting VIA Padlock engine enable its modules:

echo -e "padlock_aes\npadlock-sha" >> /etc/modules

Extract Certificates

We will use certificates for DMVPN and for OpenVPN (RoadWarrior clients). If you are in need to generate your own certificates, please see Generating_SSL_certs_with_ACF. You should use a separate machine for this purpose. If you downloaded the certificates on a Windows machine, you may use WinSCP to copy them on the DMVPN box.

Here are the general purpose instruction for extracting certificates from pfx files:

openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pfx -cacerts -nokeys -out cacert.pem openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pfx -nocerts -nodes -out serverkey.pem openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pfx -nokeys -clcerts -out cert.pem

Set appropriate permission for your certificate files:

chmod 600 *.pem *.pfx

Spoke Node

A local spoke node network has support for multiple ISP connections, along with redundant layer 2 switches. At least one 802.1q capable switch is required, and a second is optional for redundancy purposes. The typical spoke node network looks like:

Boot Alpine USB

Follow the instructions on http://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Create_a_Bootable_USB about how to create a bootable USB.

Alpine Setup

We will setup the network interfaces as follows:

Interface	Description	Subnet
bond0.3	Management	10.1.0.129/26
bond0.101	LAN	10.1.0.0/25
bond0.256	Internet from ISP1	Allocated from ISP
bond0.257	Internet from ISP2	Allocated from ISP
bond0.620	Transit between wifi proxy and dmvpn spoke node	10.1.0.252/30
bond0.701	WiFi clients (no access to DMVPN network)	172.17.48.0/24
bond0.1101	Voice	10.2.0.0/24

setup-alpine

You will be prompted something like this...	Suggestion on what you could enter...
`Select keyboard layout [none]:`	Type an appropriate layout for you
`Select variant:`	Type an appropriate layout for you (if prompted)
`Enter system hostname (short form, e.g. 'foo') [localhost]:`	Enter the hostname, e.g. vpnc
`Available interfaces are: eth0 Enter '?' for help on bridges, bonding and vlans. Which one do you want to initialize? (or '?' done')`	Enter bond0.101
`Available bond slaves are: eth0 eth1 Which slave(s) do you want to add to bond0? (or 'done') [eth0]`	eth0 eth1
`IP address for bond0? (or 'dhcp', 'none', '?') [none]:`	Press Enter confirming 'none'
`IP address for bond0.101? (or 'dhcp', 'none', '?') [dhcp]:`	Enter the IP address of your LAN interface, e.g. 10.1.0.1
`Netmask? [255.255.255.0]:`	Press Enter confirming '255.255.255.0' or type another appropriate subnet mask
`Gateway? (or 'none') [none]:`	Press Enter confirming 'none'
`Do you want to do any manual network configuration? [no]`	yes
Make a copy of the bond0.101 configuration for bond0.620, bond0.701, bond0.1101, bond0.256 and bond0.257 (optional) interfaces. Don't forget to add a gateway and a metric value for ISP interfaces when multiple gateways are set. Save and close the file (:wq)
`DNS domain name? (e.g. 'bar.com') []:`	Enter the domain name of your intranet, e.g., example.net
`DNS nameservers(s)? []:`	8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 (we will change them later)
`Changing password for root New password:`	Enter a secure password for the console
`Retype password:`	Retype the above password
`Which timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [UTC]:`	Press Enter confirming 'UTC'
`HTTP/FTP proxy URL? (e.g. 'http://proxy:8080', or 'none') [none]`	Press Enter confirming 'none'
`Enter mirror number (1-9) or URL to add (or r/f/e/done) [f]:`	Select a mirror close to you and press Enter
`Which SSH server? ('openssh', 'dropbear' or 'none') [openssh]:`	Press Enter confirming 'openssh'
`Which NTP client to run? ('openntpd', 'chrony' or 'none') [chrony]:`	Press Enter confirming 'chrony'
`Which disk(s) would you like to use? (or '?' for help or 'none') [none]:`	Press Enter confirming 'none' or type 'none' if needed
`Enter where to store configs ('floppy', 'usb' or 'none') [usb]:`	Press Enter confirming 'usb'
`Enter apk cache directory (or '?' or 'none') [/media/usb/cache]:`	Press Enter confirming '/media/usb/cache'

Networking

Update the networking configuration.

With your favorite editor open /etc/network/interfaces and add interfaces:

Contents of /etc/network/interfaces

     ...

auto bond0.101
iface bond0.101 inet static
        address 10.1.0.1
        netmask 255.255.255.192

auto bond0.620
iface bond0.620 inet static
        address 10.1.0.253
        netmask 255.255.255.252

auto bond0.701
iface bond0.101 inet static
        address 172.17.48.1
        netmask 255.255.255.0

auto bond0.1101
iface bond0.101 inet static
        address 10.2.0.1
        netmask 255.255.255.0

auto bond0.256
iface bond0.256 inet static
        address <%ISP1_IP_ADDRESS%>
        netmask <%ISP1_NETMASK%>

auto bond0.257
iface bond0.257 inet static
        address <%ISP2_IP_ADDRESS%>
        netmask <%ISP2_NETMASK%>

Bonding

Update the bonding configuration.

With your favorite editor open /etc/network/interfaces and add bond-mode, bond-miimon and bond-updelay parameters to the bond0 stanza:

Contents of /etc/network/interfaces

auto bond0
iface bond0 inet manual
     bond-slaves eth0 eth1
     bond-mode balance-tlb
     bond-miimon 100
     bond-updelay 500
     ...

Bring up the new bonding settings:

ifdown bond0 ifup bond0

Physically install

At this point, you're ready to connect the VPN Spoke Node to the network if you haven't already done so. Please set up an 802.1q capable switch with the VLANs listed in AlpineSetup section. Once done, tag all of the VLANs on one port. Connect that port to eth0. Then, connect your first ISP's CPE to a switchport with VLAN 256 untagged.

SSH

Remove password authentication and DNS reverse lookup:

sed -i "s/.PasswordAuthentication yes/PasswordAuthentication no/" /etc/ssh/sshd_config sed -i "s/.UseDNS yes/UseDNS no/" /etc/ssh/sshd_config

Restart ssh:

/etc/init.d/sshd restart

NTP server

In order to have attached devices syncing their time agains this host, we need to do some modifications to chrony config.
Add 'allow all' to the end of the '/etc/chrony/chrony.conf' so the file looks something like this:

Contents of /etc/chrony/chrony.conf

server pool.ntp.org 
initstepslew 10 pool.ntp.org
commandkey 10
keyfile /etc/chrony/chrony.keys
driftfile /etc/chrony/chrony.drift
allow all

Restart chronyd for the changes to take effect

/etc/init.d/chronyd restart

Recursive DNS

Install package(s):

apk add -U unbound

With your favorite editor open /etc/unbound/unbound.conf and add the following configuration. If you have a domain that you want unbound to resolve but is internal to your network only, the stub-zone stanza is present:

Contents of /etc/unbound/unbound.conf

server:
        verbosity: 1
        interface: 10.1.0.1
        do-ip4: yes
        do-ip6: no
        do-udp: yes
        do-tcp: yes
        do-daemonize: yes
        access-control: 10.1.0.0/16 allow
        access-control: 127.0.0.0/8 allow

do-not-query-localhost: no

root-hints: "/etc/unbound/root.hints"

stub-zone:
	name: "location1.example.net"
	stub-addr: 10.1.0.2

stub-zone:
        name: "example.net"
        stub-addr: 172.16.255.1
        stub-addr: 172.16.255.2
        stub-addr: 172.16.255.3
        stub-addr: 172.16.255.4
        stub-addr: 172.16.255.5
        stub-addr: 172.16.255.7

stub-zone:
        name: "example2.net"
        stub-addr: 172.16.255.1
        stub-addr: 172.16.255.2
        stub-addr: 172.16.255.3
        stub-addr: 172.16.255.4
        stub-addr: 172.16.255.5
        stub-addr: 172.16.255.7

Start unbound and start using unbound on this host:

/etc/init.d/unbound start rc-update add unbound echo nameserver 10.1.0.1 > /etc/resolv.conf

GRE Tunnel

With your favorite editor open /etc/network/interfaces and add the following:

Contents of /etc/network/interfaces

auto gre1
iface gre1 inet static
      pre-up ip tunnel add $IFACE mode gre ttl 64 tos inherit key 12.34.56.78 || true
      address 172.16.1.1
      netmask 255.255.0.0
      post-down ip tunnel del $IFACE || true

Bring up the new gre1 interface:

ifup gre1

IPSEC

Install package(s):

apk add ipsec-tools

With your favorite editor create /etc/ipsec.conf and set the content to the following:

Contents of /etc/ipsec.conf

spdflush;
spdadd 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 gre -P out	ipsec esp/transport//require;
spdadd 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 gre -P in 	ipsec esp/transport//require;

Create missing directory:

mkdir /etc/racoon/

Extract your pfx into /etc/racoon, using the filenames ca.pem, cert.pem, and key.pem (see instructions above for command).

With your favorite editor create /etc/racoon/racoon.conf and set the content to the following:

Contents of /etc/racoon/racoon.conf

path certificate "/etc/racoon/";
remote anonymous {
	exchange_mode main;
	lifetime time 2 hour;
	certificate_type x509 "/etc/racoon/cert.pem" "/etc/racoon/key.pem";
	ca_type x509 "/etc/racoon/ca.pem";
	my_identifier asn1dn;
	nat_traversal on;
        script "/etc/opennhrp/racoon-ph1dead.sh" phase1_dead;
	dpd_delay 120;
	proposal {
		encryption_algorithm aes 256;
		hash_algorithm sha1;
		authentication_method rsasig;
		dh_group modp4096;
	}
	proposal {
		encryption_algorithm aes 256;
		hash_algorithm sha1;
		authentication_method rsasig;
		dh_group 2;
	}
}

sainfo anonymous {
	pfs_group 2;
	lifetime time 2 hour;
	encryption_algorithm aes 256;
	authentication_algorithm hmac_sha1;
	compression_algorithm deflate;
}

Edit /etc/conf.d/racoon and unset RACOON_PSK_FILE:

Contents of /etc/conf.d/racoon

...
RACOON_PSK_FILE=
...

Start service(s):

/etc/init.d/racoon start rc-update add racoon

Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP)

Install package(s):

apk add opennhrp

With your favorite editor open /etc/opennhrp/opennhrp.conf and change the content to the following:

Contents of /etc/opennhrp/opennhrp.conf

interface gre1
	dynamic-map 172.16.0.0/16 hub.example.com
	shortcut
	redirect
	non-caching

interface bond0.8
	shortcut-destination

interface bond0.64
	shortcut-destination

interface bond0.620
	shortcut-destination

You must have a DNS A record hub.example.com for each hub node IP address.

With your favorite editor open /etc/opennhrp/opennhrp-script and change the content to the following:

Contents of /etc/opennhrp/opennhrp-script

#!/bin/sh

MYAS=$(sed -n 's/router bgp \(\d*\)/\1/p' < /etc/quagga/bgpd.conf)

case $1 in
interface-up)
    echo "Interface $NHRP_INTERFACE is up"
    if [ "$NHRP_INTERFACE" = "gre1" ]; then
        ip route flush proto 42 dev $NHRP_INTERFACE
        ip neigh flush dev $NHRP_INTERFACE

        vtysh -d bgpd \
            -c "configure terminal" \
            -c "router bgp $MYAS" \
            -c "no neighbor core" \
            -c "neighbor core peer-group"
    fi
    ;;
peer-register)
    ;;
peer-up)
    if [ -n "$NHRP_DESTMTU" ]; then
        ARGS=`ip route get $NHRP_DESTNBMA from $NHRP_SRCNBMA | head -1`
        ip route add $ARGS proto 42 mtu $NHRP_DESTMTU
    fi
    echo "Create link from $NHRP_SRCADDR ($NHRP_SRCNBMA) to $NHRP_DESTADDR ($NHRP_DESTNBMA)"
    racoonctl establish-sa -w isakmp inet $NHRP_SRCNBMA $NHRP_DESTNBMA || exit 1
    racoonctl establish-sa -w esp inet $NHRP_SRCNBMA $NHRP_DESTNBMA gre || exit 1
    ;;
peer-down)
    echo "Delete link from $NHRP_SRCADDR ($NHRP_SRCNBMA) to $NHRP_DESTADDR ($NHRP_DESTNBMA)"
    racoonctl delete-sa isakmp inet $NHRP_SRCNBMA $NHRP_DESTNBMA
    ip route del $NHRP_DESTNBMA src $NHRP_SRCNBMA proto 42
    ;;
nhs-up)
    echo "NHS UP $NHRP_DESTADDR"
    (
        flock -x 200
        vtysh -d bgpd \
            -c "configure terminal" \
            -c "router bgp $MYAS" \
            -c "neighbor $NHRP_DESTADDR remote-as 65000" \
            -c "neighbor $NHRP_DESTADDR peer-group core" \
            -c "exit" \
            -c "exit" \
            -c "clear bgp $NHRP_DESTADDR"
    ) 200>/var/lock/opennhrp-script.lock
    ;;
nhs-down)
    (
        flock -x 200
        vtysh -d bgpd \
            -c "configure terminal" \
            -c "router bgp $MYAS" \
            -c "no neighbor $NHRP_DESTADDR"
    ) 200>/var/lock/opennhrp-script.lock
    ;;
route-up)
    echo "Route $NHRP_DESTADDR/$NHRP_DESTPREFIX is up"
    ip route replace $NHRP_DESTADDR/$NHRP_DESTPREFIX proto 42 via $NHRP_NEXTHOP dev $NHRP_INTERFACE
    ip route flush cache
    ;;
route-down)
    echo "Route $NHRP_DESTADDR/$NHRP_DESTPREFIX is down"
    ip route del $NHRP_DESTADDR/$NHRP_DESTPREFIX proto 42
    ip route flush cache
    ;;
esac

exit 0

Make it executable and start service(s):

chmod +x /etc/opennhrp/opennhrp-script /etc/init.d/opennhrp start rc-update add opennhrp

BGP

Install package(s):

apk add quagga touch /etc/quagga/zebra.conf

With your favorite editor open /etc/quagga/bgpd.conf and change the content to the following (replace strongpassword with a password of your choice and %HUB_GRE_IP% with the Hub node GRE IP address):

Add the line neighbor %HUB_GRE_IP% remote-as 65000 for each Hub host you have in your NBMA cloud.

Contents of /etc/quagga/bgpd.conf

password strongpassword
enable password strongpassword
log syslog

access-list 1 remark Command line access authorized IP
access-list 1 permit 127.0.0.1
line vty
 access-class 1

hostname vpnc.example.net

router bgp 65001
	bgp router-id 172.16.1.1
	network 10.1.0.0/16
	neighbor %HUB_GRE_IP% remote-as 65000
	neighbor %HUB_GRE_IP% remote-as 65000
        ...

Start service(s):

/etc/init.d/bgpd start rc-update add bgpd

OpenVPN

Install package(s):

echo tun >> /etc/modules modprobe tun apk add openvpn openssl openssl dhparam -out /etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem 1024

Configure openvpn:

Contents of /etc/openvpn/openvpn.conf

dev tun
proto udp
port 1194

server 10.1.128.0 255.255.255.0
push "route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0"
push "dhcp-option DNS 10.1.0.1"

tls-server
ca /etc/openvpn/cacert.pem
cert /etc/openvpn/servercert.pem
key /etc/openvpn/serverkey.pem

crl-verify /etc/openvpn/crl.pem

dh /etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem

persist-key
persist-tun

keepalive 10 120

comp-lzo

status /var/log/openvpn.status
mute 20
verb 3

Start service(s):

/etc/init.d/openvpn start rc-update add openvpn

Firewall

Install package(s):

apk add awall

Enable IP forwarding:

sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 sed -i 's/.*net\.ipv4\.ip_forward.*$/net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1/g' /etc/sysctl.conf

With your favorite editor, edit the following files and set their contents as follows:

Contents of /etc/awall/optional/params.json

{
  "description": "params",

  "variable": {
    "B_IF": "bond0.8",
    "C_IF": "bond0.64",
    "DE_IF": "bond0.620",
    "ISP1_IF": "bond0.256",
    "ISP2_IF": "bond0.257"
  }
}

Contents of /etc/awall/optional/internet-host.json

{
  "description": "Internet host",

  "import": "params",

  "zone": {
    "E": { "iface": [ "$ISP1_IF", "$ISP2_IF" ] },
    "ISP1": { "iface": "$ISP1_IF" },
    "ISP2": { "iface": "$ISP2_IF" }
  },

  "filter": [
    {
      "in": "E",
      "service": "ping",
      "action": "accept",
      "flow-limit": { "count": 10, "interval": 6 }
    },
    {
      "in": "E",
      "out": "_fw",
      "service": [ "ssh", "https" ],
      "action": "accept",
      "conn-limit": { "count": 3, "interval": 60 }
    },

    {
      "in": "_fw",
      "out": "E",
      "service": [ "dns", "http", "ntp" ],
      "action": "accept"
    },
    {
      "in": "_fw",
      "service": [ "ping", "ssh" ],
      "action": "accept"
    }
  ]
}

Contents of /etc/awall/optional/openvpn.json

{
  "description": "OpenVPN support",

  "import": "internet-host",

  "service": { 
     "openvpn": { "proto": "udp", "port": 1194 }
  },

  "filter": [ 
     { "in": "E", "out": "_fw", "service": "openvpn", "action": "accept" }
    ]
}

Contents of /etc/awall/optional/clampmss.json

{
  "description": "Deal with ISPs afraid of ICMP",

  "import": "internet-host",

  "clamp-mss": [ { "out": "E" } ]
}

Contents of /etc/awall/optional/mark.json

{
  "description": "Mark traffic based on ISP",

  "import": [ "params", "internet-host" ],

  "route-track": [
    { "out": "ISP1", "mark": 1 },
    { "out": "ISP2", "mark": 2 }
  ]
}

Contents of /etc/awall/optional/dmvpn.json

{
  "description": "DMVPN router",

  "import": "internet-host",

  "variable": {
    "A_ADDR": [ "10.0.0.0/8", "172.16.0.0/16" ]
  },

  "zone": {
    "A": { "addr": "$A_ADDR", "iface": "gre1" }
  },

  "filter": [
    { "in": "E", "out": "_fw", "service": "ipsec", "action": "accept" },
    { "in": "_fw", "out": "E", "service": "ipsec", "action": "accept" },
    {
      "in": "E",
      "out": "_fw",
      "ipsec": "in",
      "service": "gre",
      "action": "accept"
    },
    {
      "in": "_fw",
      "out": "E",
      "ipsec": "out",
      "service": "gre",
      "action": "accept"
    },

    { "in": "_fw", "out": "A", "service": "bgp", "action": "accept" },
    { "in": "A", "out": "_fw", "service": "bgp", "action": "accept"},
    { "out": "E", "dest": "$A_ADDR", "action": "reject" }
  ]
}

Contents of /etc/awall/optional/vpnc.json

{
  "description": "VPNc",

  "import": [ "params", "internet-host", "dmvpn" ],

  "zone": {
    "B": { "iface": "$B_IF" },
    "C": { "iface": "$C_IF" },
    "DE": { "iface": "$DE_IF" }

  },

  "policy": [
    { "in": "A", "action": "accept" },
    { "in": "B", "out": "A", "action": "accept" },
    { "in": "C", "out": [ "A", "E" ], "action": "accept" },
    { "in": "DE", "out": "E", "action": "accept" },
    { "in": "E", "action": "drop" },
    { "in": "_fw", "out": "A", "action": "accept" }
  ],

  "snat": [
    { "out": "E" }
  ],

  "filter": [
    {
      "in": "A",
      "out": "_fw",
      "service": [ "ping", "ssh", "http", "https" ],
      "action": "accept"
    },

    {
      "in": [ "B", "C" ],
      "out": "_fw",
      "service": [ "dns", "ntp", "http", "https", "ssh" ],
      "action": "accept"
    },

    {
      "in": "_fw",
      "out": [ "B", "C" ],
      "service": [ "dns", "ntp" ],
      "action": "accept"
    },

    { 
      "in": [ "A", "B", "C" ],
      "out": "_fw",
      "proto": "icmp",
      "action": "accept"
    },

    {
      "out": "DE",
      "service": [ "ssh", "http", "https", "ping" ],
      "action": "accept"
    }

  ]
}

Activate the firewall:

modprobe ip_tables modprobe iptable_nat awall enable clampmss awall enable openvpn awall enable vpnc awall activate -f rc-update add iptables

ISP Failover

Install package(s):

apk add pingu echo -e "1\tisp1">> /etc/iproute2/rt_tables echo -e "2\tisp2">> /etc/iproute2/rt_tables

Configure pingu to monitor our bond0.256 and bond0.257 interfaces in /etc/pingu/pingu.conf. Add the hosts to monitor for ISP failover to /etc/pingu/pingu.conf and bind to primary ISP. We also set the ping timeout to 4 seconds.:

Contents of /etc/pingu/pingu.conf

timeout 4
required 2
retry 11

interface bond0.256 { 
  # route-table must correspond with mark in /etc/awall/optional/mark.json
  route-table 1
  fwmark 1
  rule-priority 20000
  # google dns
  ping 8.8.8.8
  # opendns
  ping 208.67.222.222
}

interface bond0.257 {
  # route-table must correspond with mark in /etc/awall/optional/mark.json
  route-table 2
  fwmark 2
  rule-priority 20000
}

Make sure we can reach the public IP from our LAN by adding static route rules for our private net(s). Edit /etc/pingu/route-rules:

Contents of /etc/pingu/route-rules

to 10.0.0.0/8 table main prio 1000
to 172.16.0.0/12 table main prio 1000

Start service(s):

/etc/init.d/pingu start rc-update add pingu

Now, if both hosts stop responding to pings, ISP-1 will be considered down and all gateways via bond0.256 will be removed from main route table. Note that the gateway will not be removed from the route table '1'. This is so we can continue try ping via bond0.256 so we can detect that the ISP is back online. When ISP starts working again, the gateways will be added back to main route table again.

Commit Configuration

Commit configuration:

lbu ci

Hub Node

We will document only what changes from the Spoke node setup.

Routing Tables

echo -e "42\tnhrp_shortcut\n43\tnhrp_mtu\n44\tquagga\n>> /etc/iproute2/rt_tables

Add the following "up" commands:

Contents of /etc/network/interfaces

auto gre1
...
     up ip rule add lookup nhrp_shortcut pref 11000
     up ip rule add lookup quagga pref 11001
     up ip rule add lookup nhrp_mtu pref 11999

NHRP

With your favorite editor open /etc/opennhrp/opennhrp.conf on Hub 2 and set the content as follows:

Contents of /etc/opennhrp/opennhrp.conf

interface gre1
  map %Hub1_GRE_IP%/%MaskBit% hub1.example.org
  route-table 44
  shortcut
  redirect
  non-caching

Do the same on Hub 1 adding the data relative to Hub 2.

With your favorite editor open /etc/opennhrp/opennhrp-script and set the content as follows:

#!/bin/sh
case $1 in
interface-up)
	ip route flush proto 42 dev $NHRP_INTERFACE
	ip neigh flush dev $NHRP_INTERFACE
	;;
peer-register)
	CERT=`racoonctl get-cert inet $NHRP_SRCNBMA $NHRP_DESTNBMA | openssl x509 -inform der -text -noout | egrep -o "/OU=[^/]*(/[0-9]+)?" | cut -b 5-`
	if [ -z "`echo "$CERT" | grep "^GRE=$NHRP_DESTADDR"`" ]; then
		logger -t opennhrp-script -p auth.err "GRE registration of $NHRP_DESTADDR to $NHRP_DESTNBMA DENIED"
		exit 1
	fi
	logger -t opennhrp-script -p auth.info "GRE registration of $NHRP_DESTADDR to $NHRP_DESTNBMA authenticated"

	(
		flock -x 200
		
		AS=`echo "$CERT" | grep "^AS=" | cut -b 4-`
		vtysh -d bgpd -c "configure terminal" \
			-c "router bgp 65000" \
			-c "neighbor $NHRP_DESTADDR remote-as $AS" \
			-c "neighbor $NHRP_DESTADDR peer-group leaf" \
			-c "neighbor $NHRP_DESTADDR prefix-list net-$AS-in in"

		SEQ=5
		(echo "$CERT" | grep "^NET=" | cut -b 5-) | while read NET; do
			vtysh -d bgpd -c "configure terminal" \
				-c "ip prefix-list net-$AS-in seq $SEQ permit $NET le 26"
			SEQ=$(($SEQ+5))
		done
	) 200>/var/lock/opennhrp-script.lock
	;;
peer-up)
	echo "Create link from $NHRP_SRCADDR ($NHRP_SRCNBMA) to $NHRP_DESTADDR ($NHRP_DESTNBMA)"
	racoonctl establish-sa -w isakmp inet $NHRP_SRCNBMA $NHRP_DESTNBMA || exit 1
	racoonctl establish-sa -w esp inet $NHRP_SRCNBMA $NHRP_DESTNBMA gre || exit 1 

	CERT=`racoonctl get-cert inet $NHRP_SRCNBMA $NHRP_DESTNBMA | openssl x509 -inform der -text -noout | egrep -o "/OU=[^/]*(/[0-9]+)?" | cut -b 5-`
	if [ -z "`echo "$CERT" | grep "^GRE=$NHRP_DESTADDR"`" ]; then
		logger -p daemon.err "GRE mapping of $NHRP_DESTADDR to $NHRP_DESTNBMA DENIED"
		exit 1
	fi

	if [ -n "$NHRP_DESTMTU" ]; then
		ARGS=`ip route get $NHRP_DESTNBMA from $NHRP_SRCNBMA | head -1`
		ip route add $ARGS proto 42 mtu $NHRP_DESTMTU table nhrp_mtu
	fi
	;;
peer-down)
	echo "Delete link from $NHRP_SRCADDR ($NHRP_SRCNBMA) to $NHRP_DESTADDR ($NHRP_DESTNBMA)"
	if [ "$NHRP_PEER_DOWN_REASON" != "lower-down" ]; then
		racoonctl delete-sa isakmp inet $NHRP_SRCNBMA $NHRP_DESTNBMA
	fi
	ip route del $NHRP_DESTNBMA src $NHRP_SRCNBMA proto 42 table nhrp_mtu
	;;
route-up)
	echo "Route $NHRP_DESTADDR/$NHRP_DESTPREFIX is up"
	ip route replace $NHRP_DESTADDR/$NHRP_DESTPREFIX proto 42 via $NHRP_NEXTHOP dev $NHRP_INTERFACE table nhrp_shortcut
	ip route flush cache
	;;
route-down)
	echo "Route $NHRP_DESTADDR/$NHRP_DESTPREFIX is down"
	ip route del $NHRP_DESTADDR/$NHRP_DESTPREFIX proto 42 table nhrp_shortcut
	ip route flush cache
	;;
esac

exit 0

BGP

With your favorite editor open /etc/quagga/bgpd.conf on Hub 2 and set the content as follows:

Contents of /etc/quagga/bgpd.conf

password zebra
enable password zebra
log syslog

router bgp 65000
 bgp router-id %Hub2_GRE_IP%
 bgp deterministic-med
 network %GRE_NETWORK%/%MASK_BITS%
 neighbor hub peer-group
 neighbor hub next-hop-self
 neighbor hub route-map CORE-IN in
 neighbor spoke peer-group
 neighbor spoke passive
 neighbor spoke next-hop-self
 neighbor %Spoke1_GRE_IP% remote-as 65001
 neighbor %Spoke1_GRE_IP% peer-group spoke
 neighbor %Spoke1_GRE_IP% prefix-list net-65001-in in
 ...
 ...
 ...

 neighbor hub remote-as 65000
 neighbor %Hub1_GRE_IP% peer-group core

 ip prefix-list net-65001-in seq 5 permit 10.1.0.0/16 le 26
 ...

 route-map CORE-IN permit 10
 set metric +100

Add the lines neighbor %Spoke1_GRE_IP%... for each spoke node you have. Do the same on Hub 1, changing the relevant data for Hub 2.

Troubleshooting the DMVPN

Broken Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD)

ISPs afraid of ICMP (which is somehow legitimate) often just blindly add no ip unreachables in their router interfaces, effectively creating a blackhole router that breaks PMTUD, since ICMP Type 3 Code 4 packets (Fragmentation Needed) are dropped. PMTUD is needed by ISAKMP that runs on UDP (TCP works because it uses CLAMPMSS).

For technical details see http://packetlife.net/blog/2008/oct/9/disabling-unreachables-breaks-pmtud/

PMTUD could also be broken due to badly configured DSL modem/routers or bugged firmware. Turning off the firewall on modem itself or any VPN passthrough functionality it may help.

You can easily detect which host is the blackhole router by pinging with DF bit set and with packets of standard MTU size, each hop given in your traceroute to destination:

ping -M do -s 1472 %IP%

Note: "-M do" requires GNU ping, present in iputils package

If you don't get a response back (either Echo-Response or Fragmentation-Needed) there's firewall dropping ICMP packets. If it answers to normal ping packets (DF bit cleared), most likely you have hit a blackhole router.

Kernel and NHRP Routing Cache Issues

Todo: ...