Bubblewrap/Examples

This material is work-in-progress ...

Someone more experienced needs to look over this. I'm not sure it's worth the time to limit /usr/lib/*.
(Last edited by Encode on 14 Jul 2023.)

Todo: Since bubblewrap can make use of seccomp, restrictive versions should be added.

Note: To try and avoid duplicates, everything will be explained for Firefox and only when it differs (non obviously) for everything else. Where applicable this assumes: Wayland only + PipeWire.

Firefox

Contents of ~/.local/bin/bwrap-firefox

#!/usr/bin/env sh

# Firefox wrapped in bwrap with network access.

set -u

XDG_CACHE_HOME="${XDG_CACHE_HOME:=$HOME/.cache}"
XDG_DATA_HOME="${XDG_DATA_HOME:=$HOME/.local/share}"

NEW_HOME='/home/user'
NEW_XDG_CACHE_HOME="${NEW_HOME}${XDG_CACHE_HOME#"$HOME"}"

mkdir -pm 0700 "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/firefox"

/usr/bin/bwrap \
  --unshare-all \
  --share-net \
  --new-session \
  --die-with-parent \
  --clearenv \
  --setenv HOME "$NEW_HOME" \
  --setenv WAYLAND_DISPLAY "$WAYLAND_DISPLAY" \
  --setenv XDG_RUNTIME_DIR "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR" \
  --hostname localhost \
  --dev /dev \
  --ro-bind /etc/fonts /etc/fonts \
  --ro-bind /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf \
  --bind-try "${XDG_CACHE_HOME}/mozilla" "${NEW_XDG_CACHE_HOME}/mozilla" \
  --bind-try "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/firefox" "${NEW_HOME}/.mozilla" \
  --bind-try "${HOME}/Downloads" "${NEW_HOME}/Downloads" \
  --ro-bind /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 \
  --ro-bind /lib/libblkid.so.1 /lib/libblkid.so.1 \
  --ro-bind /lib/libmount.so.1 /lib/libmount.so.1 \
  --ro-bind /lib/libz.so.1 /lib/libz.so.1 \
  --proc /proc \
  --ro-bind "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}" "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}" \
  --ro-bind /usr/lib /usr/lib \
  --ro-bind /usr/share/X11/xkb /usr/share/X11/xkb \
  --ro-bind /usr/share/fontconfig /usr/share/fontconfig \
  --ro-bind /usr/share/fonts /usr/share/fonts \
  --ro-bind /usr/share/glib-2.0 /usr/share/glib-2.0 \
  --ro-bind /usr/share/icons /usr/share/icons \
  --ro-bind /usr/share/icu /usr/share/icu \
  --ro-bind /usr/share/mime /usr/share/mime \
  /usr/lib/firefox/firefox

XDG_CACHE_HOME="${XDG_CACHE_HOME:=$HOME/.cache}"
XDG_DATA_HOME="${XDG_DATA_HOME:=$HOME/.local/share}"

Take value if already set, else fallback to the XDG default.

NEW_HOME='/home/user'

User to appear as.

NEW_XDG_CACHE_HOME="${NEW_HOME}${XDG_CACHE_HOME#"$HOME"}"

$XDG_CACHE_HOME for the new user.

mkdir -pm 0700 "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/firefox"

Make sure the new (real) home for Firefox data exist.

--unshare-all \

Unshare all possible namespaces.

--share-net \

Retain the network namespace.

--new-session \

New terminal session for the sandbox.

--die-with-parent \

Child process dies when bwrap parent dies.

--clearenv \

Unset all environment variables (except for PWD).

--setenv HOME "$NEW_HOME" \

Pass the path to "$NEW_HOME" for "$HOME".

--setenv WAYLAND_DISPLAY "$WAYLAND_DISPLAY" \

Specify the Wayland display to run clients on.

--setenv XDG_RUNTIME_DIR "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR" \

User-specific non-essential runtime files and other file objects.

--hostname localhost

Use custom hostname in the sandbox.

--dev /dev

New devtmpfs, access to special or device files.

--ro-bind /etc/fonts /etc/fonts \

System font configuration directory.

--ro-bind /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf \

Needed for DNS resolution.

--bind-try "${XDG_CACHE_HOME}/mozilla" "${NEW_XDG_CACHE_HOME}/mozilla" \

Per-user Mozilla cache.

...
XDG_CACHE_HOME="${XDG_CACHE_HOME:=$HOME/.cache}"
XDG_CONFIG_HOME "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME:=$HOME/.config}"
XDG_DATA_HOME="${XDG_DATA_HOME:=$HOME/.local/share}"
...
NEW_XDG_CACHE_HOME="${NEW_HOME}${XDG_CACHE_HOME#"$HOME"}"
NEW_XDG_CONFIG_HOME="${NEW_HOME}${XDG_CONFIG_HOME#"$HOME"}"
...
--setenv WAYLAND_DISPLAY "$WAYLAND_DISPLAY" \
--setenv XDG_CONFIG_HOME "$NEW_XDG_CONFIG_HOME" \
--setenv XDG_RUNTIME_DIR "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR" \
...
--bind-try "${XDG_CACHE_HOME}/mozilla" "${NEW_XDG_CACHE_HOME}/mozilla" \
--ro-bind-try "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/fontconfig" "${NEW_XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/fontconfig" \
--bind-try "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/firefox" "${NEW_HOME}/.mozilla" \
...

(Optional) Per-user font configuration directory.

...
XDG_CACHE_HOME="${XDG_CACHE_HOME:=$HOME/.cache}"
XDG_CONFIG_HOME "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME:=$HOME/.config}"
XDG_DATA_HOME="${XDG_DATA_HOME:=$HOME/.local/share}"
...
NEW_XDG_CACHE_HOME="${NEW_HOME}${XDG_CACHE_HOME#"$HOME"}"
NEW_XDG_CONFIG_HOME="${NEW_HOME}${XDG_CONFIG_HOME#"$HOME"}"
...
--setenv WAYLAND_DISPLAY "$WAYLAND_DISPLAY" \
--setenv XDG_CONFIG_HOME "$NEW_XDG_CONFIG_HOME" \
--setenv XDG_RUNTIME_DIR "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR" \
...
--bind-try "${XDG_CACHE_HOME}/mozilla" "${XDG_CACHE_HOME}/mozilla" \
--ro-bind-try "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/user-dirs.dirs" "${NEW_XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/user-dirs.dirs" \
--bind-try "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/firefox" "${NEW_HOME}/.mozilla" \
...

(Optional) If you modify "well known" user directories, like ~/Downloads, you need this to have Firefox pick it up.

Note: If you use "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/user-dirs.dirs" you should also add the corresponding path(s).

For example if you set XDG_DOWNLOAD_DIR to "${HOME}/downloads" you would also add:

 ...
 --bind-try "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/firefox" "${NEW_HOME}/.mozilla" \
 --bind-try "${HOME}/downloads" "${NEW_HOME}/downloads" \
 --ro-bind /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 \
 ...

--bind-try "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/firefox" "${NEW_HOME}/.mozilla" \

"${XDG_DATA_HOME}/firefox" is the location of Firefox data. Shows to Firefox as "${NEW_HOME}/.mozilla".

Note: This has the added benefit of getting ~/.mozilla out of your $HOME, and conforming more to XDG. This may one day not be necessary: Support for the Freedesktop.org XDG Base Directory Specification (2004-09-14).

...
NEW_XDG_CACHE_HOME="${NEW_HOME}${XDG_CACHE_HOME#"$HOME"}"
NEW_XDG_DATA_HOME="${NEW_HOME}${XDG_DATA_HOME#"$HOME"}"
...
--setenv WAYLAND_DISPLAY "$WAYLAND_DISPLAY" \
--setenv XDG_DATA_HOME "$NEW_XDG_DATA_HOME" \
--setenv XDG_RUNTIME_DIR "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR" \
...
--bind-try "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/firefox" "${NEW_HOME}/.mozilla" \
--ro-bind-try "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/fonts" "${NEW_XDG_DATA_HOME}/fonts" \
--bind-try "${HOME}/Downloads" "${NEW_HOME}/Downloads" \
...

(Optional) Per-user directory scanned for font files.

--bind-try "${HOME}/Downloads" "${NEW_HOME}/Downloads" \

Default ~/Downloads directory.

--ro-bind /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 \
--ro-bind /lib/libblkid.so.1 /lib/libblkid.so.1 \
--ro-bind /lib/libmount.so.1 /lib/libmount.so.1 \
--ro-bind /lib/libz.so.1 /lib/libz.so.1 \

Shared libraries.

--proc /proc \

New procfs, provides information about running processes and the kernel.

--ro-bind "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}" "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}" \

Bind the Wayland socket file.

--ro-bind /usr/lib /usr/lib \

Object files and libraries.

--ro-bind /usr/share/X11/xkb /usr/share/X11/xkb \

XKB is a keyboard keymap support library.

Note: Even tho the path has */X11/* Wayland uses it too.

--ro-bind /usr/share/fontconfig /usr/share/fontconfig \

Font presets.

--ro-bind /usr/share/fonts /usr/share/fonts \

Global directory scanned for font files.

--ro-bind /usr/share/glib-2.0 /usr/share/glib-2.0 \

Needed for "Save Page As…", "Export|Import Bookmarks File", among others.

--ro-bind /usr/share/icons /usr/share/icons \

Global icons directory.

--ro-bind /usr/share/icu /usr/share/icu \

International Components for Unicode (ICU) provides support for Unicode and globalization.

...
--ro-bind /usr/share/icu /usr/share/icu \
--ro-bind /usr/share/libdrm /usr/share/libdrm \
--ro-bind /usr/share/mime /usr/share/mime \
...

(Optional) Direct Rendering Manager (DRM), Linux kernel subsystem for interfacing with GPUs of video cards. Programs can use this to have the GPU do hardware-accelerated 3D rendering and video decoding.

--ro-bind /usr/share/mime /usr/share/mime \

Global XDG MIME directory.

/usr/lib/firefox/firefox

Call Firefox.

Tip: If you use multiple profiles you can have:

/usr/lib/firefox/firefox -P "$@"

this will allow you to pass a profile name and go into that specific one or not pass anything and get prompted for which to choose.

PipeWire audio

Todo:

Pulse audio

...
--proc /proc \
--ro-bind "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/pulse" "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/pulse" \
--ro-bind "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}" "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}" \
...

(Optional) Pulse audio sound.

Optional(?) stuff

This material is work-in-progress ...

Are these needed?
(Last edited by Encode on 14 Jul 2023.)

...
--proc /proc \
--ro-bind /sys/bus/pci /sys/bus/pci \
--ro-bind "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}" "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}" \
...

Information about PCI bus type.

Without this you get

Crash Annotation GraphicsCriticalError: |[0][GFX1-]: glxtest: cannot access /sys/bus/pci (t=0.177033) [GFX1-]: glxtest: cannot access /sys/bus/pci

but it still seems to work.

...
--proc /proc \
--ro-bind /sys/devices/pci0000:00 /sys/devices/pci0000:00 \
--ro-bind "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}" "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}" \
...

Contains a filesystem representation of the kernel device tree.

With --ro-bind /sys/bus/pci /sys/bus/pci \ but without this you get:

Crash Annotation GraphicsCriticalError: |[0][GFX1-]: glxtest: ManageChildProcess failed
 (t=0.189558) [GFX1-]: glxtest: ManageChildProcess failed

Crash Annotation GraphicsCriticalError: |[0][GFX1-]: glxtest: ManageChildProcess failed
 (t=0.189558) |[1][GFX1-]: No GPUs detected via PCI
 (t=0.18958) [GFX1-]: No GPUs detected via PCI

but it still seems to work.

imv

zathura

Contents of ~/.local/bin/bwrap-zathura

#!/usr/bin/env sh

# zathura wrapped in bwrap.

set -u

if [ "$#" != 1 ]
then
	printf 'Run zathura wrapped in bwrap.

Usage:
  $ bwrap-zathura PDF\n'
	exit 1
fi

XDG_CONFIG_HOME="${XDG_CONFIG_HOME:=$HOME/.config}"
XDG_DATA_HOME="${XDG_DATA_HOME:=$HOME/.local/share}"

mkdir -pm 0700 "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/zathura"

/usr/bin/bwrap \
  --unshare-all \
  --new-session \
  --die-with-parent \
  --clearenv \
  --setenv HOME "$HOME" \
  --setenv WAYLAND_DISPLAY "$WAYLAND_DISPLAY" \
  --setenv XDG_CONFIG_HOME "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME" \
  --setenv XDG_DATA_HOME "$XDG_DATA_HOME" \
  --setenv XDG_RUNTIME_DIR "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR" \
  --ro-bind /etc/fonts /etc/fonts \
  --ro-bind-try "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/zathura/zathurarc" "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/zathura/zathurarc" \
  --bind "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/zathura" "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/zathura" \
  --ro-bind /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 \
  --ro-bind /lib/libblkid.so.1 /lib/libblkid.so.1 \
  --ro-bind /lib/libmount.so.1 /lib/libmount.so.1 \
  --ro-bind /lib/libz.so.1 /lib/libz.so.1 \
  --ro-bind "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}" "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}" \
  --ro-bind /usr/bin/zathura /usr/bin/zathura \
  --ro-bind /usr/lib /usr/lib \
  --ro-bind /usr/share/X11/xkb /usr/share/X11/xkb \
  --ro-bind /usr/share/fonts /usr/share/fonts \
  --ro-bind /usr/share/misc/magic.mgc /usr/share/misc/magic.mgc \
  --ro-bind "$1" "$(realpath "$1")" \
  /usr/bin/zathura "$1"

Note: This only accepts 1 (mandatory) argument. This should be temporary, till I figure out how to pass multiple arguments (without including everything else); imv has the same problem.

mkdir -pm 0700 "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/zathura"

Have to premake the directory for zathura data.

--bind "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/zathura" "${XDG_DATA_HOME}/zathura" \

Allow writing of: bookmarks, history, input history.

--ro-bind /usr/share/misc/magic.mgc /usr/share/misc/magic.mgc \

Used for identifying what type a file should be. Read the file(1) man page for more information.

--ro-bind "$1" "$(realpath "$1")" \

Get the absolute pathname using realpath, so you can pass a relative argument and still bind the argument.