Setting up disks manually
The choices that setup-alpine offers can't cover all needs, however it's possible to:
- Use setup-disk directly and customize the partitioning by passing special options to it.
- Manually set up the partitions and filesystems (to the desired details) and [setup-disk] to install onto a prepared mountpoint.
(Beta refenence: beta.docs.alpinelinux.org )
Using setup-alpine (setup-disk) features
For "diskless" and "data" disk mode installs
This requires some manual steps, as long as the setup-scripts only auto-detect usable partitions on *removable* devices (not internal harddisks), and they do not support creating new, writable partitions to be used by Alpine.
How to prepare writable storage space is explained in the section about manual partitioning below.
For "sys" disk mode installs
 Some information on this page may be incomplete or outdate. |
Disk layouts
It is possible to have one or more of RAID, encryption, and/or LVM on your / (root) volume. However, the Alpine init script only knows how to handle them when they're layered in that order, and your initram and extlinux.conf file in the /boot partition are configured properly.
Your /boot cannot reside on an encrypted or LVM volume, at least not with Alpine's default bootloader (extlinux). (Grub2 can deal with /boot being on an LVM volume.) The usual practice is to create a small partition for /boot, and then devote the rest of your disk to a separate partition on which you layer one or more of RAID, encryption, and/or LVM.
Sometimes /boot is also setup as a mirrored (RAID1) volume, however this is just for post-init access. That way, when you write a new kernel or bootloader config file to /boot, it gets written to multiple physical partitions. During the pre-init, bootloader phase, only one of those partitions will be read from.
So, typical setups might look like this:
One-disk system --------------- +------------------------------------------------+ | small partition (32--100M), holding | | only /boot, filesystem needn't be journaled | +------------------------------------------------+ | rest of disk in second partition | | +------------------------------------------+ | | | cryptsetup volume | | | | +-------------------------------------+ | | | | | LVM PV, containing single VG, | | | | | | containing multiple LVs, holding | | | | | | /, /home, swap, etc | | | | | +-------------------------------------+ | | | +------------------------------------------+ | +------------------------------------------------+ Two-disk system --------------- +------------------------------------------------+ +------------------------------------------------+ | small partition (32--100M), holding | | small partition (32--100M), holding | These 2 partitions might | only /boot, filesystem needn't be journaled | | only /boot, filesystem needn't be journaled | form a mirrored (RAID1) +------------------------------------------------+ +------------------------------------------------+ volume | rest of disk in second partition | | rest of disk in second partition | | T================================================================================================T | These 2 partitions form | T +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ T | a second mirrored | T | cryptsetup volume | T | (RAID1) volume | T | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | T | | T | | LVM PV, containing single VG, | | T | | T | | containing multiple LVs, holding | | T | | T | | /, /home, swap, etc | | T | | T | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | T | | T +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ T | | T================================================================================================T | | | | | +------------------------------------------------+ +------------------------------------------------+
In a three-disk system, the /boot would still be RAID1, but the larger partition might in that case be RAID5.
RAID
setup-disk will automatically build a RAID array if you supply the -r switch, or if you specify more than one device.
If you instead want to build your RAID array manually, see Setting up a software RAID array. Then you can add additional layers of encryption and/or LVM, or just assemble the RAID array, and supply the /dev/mdi device directly to setup-disk. When you're finished, be sure to disassemble the RAID array before rebooting.
If setup-disk sees that you're using RAID---either because you gave it the -r switch, or multiple devices, or a /dev/mdi device---then it will setup your initramfs and extlinux.conf file properly. However, in other cases, such as when you're also using encryption, or you invoke setup-disk with a mounted directory argument, these might not be properly setup for RAID. In that case, you may need to manually edit/rebuild them. The following assumes that $MNT holds the root directory you're installing into:
echo "/sbin/mdadm" > $MNT/etc/mkinitfs/files.d/raid echo "/etc/mdadm.conf" >> $MNT/etc/mkinitfs/files.d/raid # edit $MNT/etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf to make sure features="..." # includes raid (this field is space-separated and quoted) mkinitfs -c $MNT/etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf -b $MNT # edit $MNT/etc/update-extlinux.conf to make sure modules=... contains # raid1 or raid456 (whichever your / is on; this field is comma-separated) # also check the root= setting extlinux --raid --install $MNT/boot --update
--update option to extlinux ... suffice to make /boot/extlinux.conf be regenerated? Or do we need to manually tweak that file, or run update-extlinux, as well?
You might also need to manually tweak $MNT/etc/fstab. And you might need to copy /usr/share/syslinux/mbr.bin to your disk's MBR.
Encryption
See Setting up encrypted volumes with LUKS. Then you can add an additional layer of LVM, or just unlock the volume you've created (using cryptsetup luksOpen ...), and supply the /dev/mapper/something device directly to setup-disk. When you're finished, be sure to relock the volume (using cryptsetup luksClose ...) before rebooting.
If you install your / (root) on an encrypted volume, you'll need to manually edit/rebuild your initram and your extlinux.conf file. The following assumes that $MNT holds the root directory you're installing into, that you've created the cryptvolume on the device /dev/md2, and that you want to unlock the encrypted volume into a virtual volume named "crypt":
# edit $MNT/etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf to make sure features="..." # includes cryptsetup (this field is space-separated and quoted) mkinitfs -c $MNT/etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf -b $MNT # edit $MNT/etc/update-extlinux.conf to make sure default_kernel_opts="..." # contains cryptroot=/dev/md1 and cryptdm=crypt (this field is also space-separated and quoted) # also check the root= setting extlinux --install $MNT/boot --update
--update option to extlinux ... suffice to make /boot/extlinux.conf be regenerated? Or do we need to manually tweak that file, or run update-extlinux, as well?
You might also need to manually tweak $MNT/etc/fstab.
LVM
setup-disk will automatically build and use volumes in a LVM group if you supply the -L switch.
If you instead want to build your LVM system manually, see Setting up Logical Volumes with LVM. Then vgchange -ay, format and mount your volumes, and supply the root mountpoint to setup-disk. When you're finished, be sure to
umount ... vgchange -an
before rebooting.
If setup-disk sees that you're using LVM---perhaps because you gave it the -L switch---then it will setup your initram and extlinux.conf file properly. However, in other cases, these might not be properly setup. In that case, you may need to manually edit/rebuild them. The following assumes that $MNT holds the root directory you're installing into:
# edit $MNT/etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf to make sure features="..." # includes lvm (this field is space-separated and quoted) mkinitfs -c $MNT/etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf -b $MNT # edit $MNT/etc/update-extlinux.conf to make sure root= is set correctly extlinux --install $MNT/boot --update
--update option to extlinux ... suffice to make /boot/extlinux.conf be regenerated? Or do we need to manually tweak that file, or run update-extlinux, as well?
You might also need to manually tweak $MNT/etc/fstab.
Manual partitioning
For "diskless" and "data" disk mode installs
The enviroment of the installation images may only have the very basic fdisk command available, but it allows to install other partitioning tools.
The following, for example, installs cfdisk, looks for existing partitions, and starts to partition /dev/sdX:
# apk add cfdisk # blkid /dev/sdX1: LABEL="some" UUID="..." TYPE="vfat" /dev/sdX2: LABEL="other" UUID="..." TYPE="ext4" # cfdisk /dev/sdX
- Be aware of this Bug: The APKOVL loading of diskless setups doesn't work on btrfs and xfs filesystems, or nvme-based devices => For the moment, use eg. an ext4 filesystem partition on classic drives for diskless mode.
The following creates an ext4 partition with disabled journaling, to reduce write operations and allow the disk to spin down after the .apkovl and the packages have been read from the partition during the boot.
# apk add e2fsprogs
# mkfs.ext4 -O ^has_journal /dev/sdXY # the "-O ^has_journal" DISABLES journaling ("^" meaning "not")
For "sys" disk mode installs
setup-disk will by default set up a root partition, a separate /boot partition and a swap. If you want a different layout you can manually create the partitions, filesystems and mount them up on /mnt (or any other mount point) and then run:
setup-disk /mnt
setup-disk will install your running system on the mounted root, detect your file system layout and generate a fstab.
If you're going for MBR, you are responsible for making the proper partition bootable and make sure the MBR is OK for extlinux. If you're going for EFI, make sure you set BOOTLOADER=grub and USE_EFI=1 and grub-efi and efibootmgr are installed before running setup-disk.
See also setup-partitions
Dual-booting
See Install to HDD with dual-boot
Other needs
Setting up swap
- create partition with type "linux swap" (82) (If you're going to use an LVM logical volume for swap, skip this step and
lvcreatethat instead.) mkswap /dev/sda2echo -e "/dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0" >> /mnt/etc/fstabswapon /dev/sda2(orrc-service swap start)
Then
free -m
will show how much swap space is available (in MB).
If you prefer maximum speed, you don't need configure any raid devices for swap. Just add 2 swap partitions on different disks and linux will stripe them automatically. The downside is that at the moment one disk fails, the system will go down. For better reliability, put swap on RAID1.