Setting up a new user
The root account should only be used for administrative purposes that require its elevated access permissions.
This page shows the creation of separate user accounts, e.g. for remote connections or desktop usage.
Overview
Creating user accounts provides the users their own $HOME directory and allows you (the root administrator) to limit the access that these user accounts have to the operating system's configuration.
Using them increases the security, because they limit possible actions and thus the possible damage (even from accidental errors).
Creating a new user
To create a regular user account execute:
# adduser <username>
By default, adduser will:
- prompt to set a password for the new user.
- create a home directory in /home/<username>
- set the shell to the one used by the
rootaccount (ash by default) - assign user ID and group ID at 1000+
- set GECOS field to "Linux User,,,".
If a user must be allowed to have access to the root account, add the <username> to the wheel group, install doas ("do as"), and allow group "wheel" to become root:
adduser <username> wheel apk add doas apk add nano nano /etc/doas.conf
If using a "diskless" or "data" disk mode installation, the home directories should probably be added to the lbu captures:
# lbu include /home
The new user gets listed in
Contents of /etc/passwd
And it's now possible to exit and login to the new account.
Manual page excerpts
adduser
Usage:
adduser [OPTIONS] USER [GROUP]
Create new user, or add USER to GROUP
- --home DIR Home directory
- --gecos GECOS GECOS field
- --shell SHELL Login shell named SHELL by example /bin/bash
- --ingroup GRP Group (by name)
- --system Create a system user
- --disabled-password Don't assign a password so cannot login in
- --no-create-home Don't create home directory
- --uid UID User id
- -k SKEL Skeleton directory (/etc/skel)
If --ingroup isn't set (default) the new user is assigned a new GID that matches the UID. And if the GID corresponding to a provided UID already exists, adduser will fail.
This ensures new users default to having a "user's private group" (UPG) as primary group. These allow the system to use a permissive umask (002), with which new files are automatically created group-writable but to just the user's private group. And which allows that in special set-group-id group (collaboration) directories, new files can automatically be created writable by the directory's group.
addgroup
Usage:
addgroup [-g GID] [-S] [USER] GROUP
Create a group or add a user to a group
- --gid GID Group id
- --system Create a system group
Legacy
Common permission groups
(Taken from https://git.alpinelinux.org/alpine-baselayout/tree/group)
- disk:x:6:root,adm Only if need usage vith virtual machines and access to other partitions over new disks for
- lp:x:7:lp IF will need to use printing services and printers management
- wheel:x:10:root Administrators group, members can use
sudoto run commands as root if enabled in sudo configuration. - floppy:x:11:root Backguard compatible group, use only if need access to external special devices
- audio:x:18: Need for audio listening and management of sound volumes as normal user
- cdrom:x:19: For access to disck writers and mounting DVD, BR or CD rom disk as normal user
- dialout:x:20:root Need for dial private connections and use of modems as normal users
- tape:x:26:root Need have into this if plan to use special devices for backup.. rarelly in no servers
- video:x:27:root For usage of cameras, mor thant one GPU special features, as normal user
- netdev:x:28: For network connections management as normal user
- kvm:x:34:kvm Only if as normal user will manage graphically virtual machines.. rarelly on no servers
- games:x:35: Need if you want to play games also specially need if will share score between users
- cdrw:x:80: To write RW-DVD, RW-BR or RW-CD disk on a disk writing device
- apache:x:81: Need if you will perfom development as normal user and want to publish locally on web server
- usb:x:85: Need to access to special usb devices, deprecated group
- users:x:100:games If you plan to used common files for all users, mandatory as desktop usage
Users creation and defaults
So the following commands will first setup root environment login and then assing a new password:
cat > /root/.cshrc << EOF unsetenv DISPLAY || true HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth EOF cp /root/.cshrc /root/.profile echo "secret_new_root_password" | chpasswd
The remote management cannot be done with root directly by default, due ssh security, so we need to setup an remote connection account to made "su" once connected.
The most recommended it's having a access user here named "remote" and normal general usage user here named "general" for convenience, in the next commands we will setup a very hardened limited environment for any new user and created those two users:
mkdir -p /etc/skel/ cat > /etc/skel/.logout << EOF history -c /bin/rm -f /opt/remote/.mysql_history /bin/rm -f /opt/remote/.history /bin/rm -f /opt/remote/.bash_history EOF cat > /etc/skel/.cshrc << EOF set autologout = 30 set prompt = "$ " set history = 0 set ignoreeof EOF cp /etc/skel/.cshrc /etc/skel/.profile adduser -D --home /opt/remote --shell /bin/ash remote echo "secret_new_remote_user_password" | chpasswd adduser -D --shell /bin/bash general echo "secret_new_general_user_password" | chpasswd
Note that those users are created with minimal settings.
Users management and system access
But this user will not have enough privileges for a desktop made purposes, Alpine comes with high security so administrator (the root account owner) must perform the management of that user. Take care, for a server made there's no similar procedure!
Now we can changes some defaults and added to proper groups to access devices or perform connections so, those are the recommended groups where the user must have in:
for u in $(ls /home); do for g in disk lp floppy audio cdrom dialout video netdev games users; do addgroup $u $g; done;done