Alpine and UEFI
What is UEFI? A new (relatively) firmware system (almost mini OS embebed), for computers that manages the early boot process
When something new comes.. all the bad things become good and news become bad!
Now it's on regular home/office made computers and some ARM server boards. It's a huge bloated mess of a spec due manufacturers try to include many things with the UEFI Forum org!
The problem it's doesn't matter. It's what we have. Learn it or become obsolete.
UEFI and BIOS definitions and introduction
In the old days, BIOS (for Basic Input Output System) was how computers booted from the 1980s onwards. But now in newer hardware for laptops and desktops computers the UEFI (for Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) defines a software interface between an operating system and platform firmware into the vendor hardware.
What that's means?
UEFI replaces the BIOS firmware interface originally present in all IBM PC-compatible personal computers, early modern computer's UEFI firmware implementations provide legacy support for BIOS services.
Why change, why more complications?
Stupid companies.. due stupid is booting Windows from drives bigger than 2TB (something that linux can just do easyle due partitioning and boot management). But really, the issue is about 16-bit processors.
All the system included 16-bit CPU inside? with UEFI will be pure 64-bit
As example: a top of the range Skylake i7-6700k still has an 80286 embedded in it - for the people who insist on using BIOS. Indeed. But BIOS strictly only supports 16-bit 8088-derivative processors.
All of this crap are just due redmon's company operating system limitations in fact! due intel, amd and others can easyle provide for many more years an 80286 embedded in each processor
The history so far
Due newer incoming 64-bit incoming processors the older computers boot process are not more possible. It started life on Itanium (Intel's first 64-bit processor) systems. Itanium had no support for 32-bit, and certainly no embedded 80286, so they had to come up with a different system.
Intel developed the original Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) specification. Some of the EFI's practices and data formats mirror those from Microsoft Windows.[4][5] In 2005, UEFI deprecated EFI 1.10 (the final release of EFI). The Unified EFI Forum is the industry body that manages the UEFI specification.
Alpine UEFI support
The support for EFI System Partition was started in the Alpine 3.7.0 new mayor release, preliminary support in that version does not create the EFI Partition, only has support for existing ones or manually created.
Started in the Alpine 3.8.0 new mayor release support in the installer for the GRUB boot loader was added so now Linux experimental users can play with combinations of solutions and proper UEFI complete installations. Please refer to UEFI_and_BIOS section of this page first.
EFI System Partition are not the complete overall of the UEFI, it's just the need minimal infrastructure to property boot by and UEFI modern machine.
Please read carefully the UEFI_and_BIOS section of this page that was made with new user landing words to easy understanding.
Minimum Alpine partition sheme
Alpine Linux only require a root partition for system and a swap partition, but, UEFI systems require an EFI system partition also.
Notes about the boot flags and boot partition
UEFI booting does not involve any "boot" flag, that's it's a need only for BIOS booting. The UEFI booting relies solely on the boot entries in NVRAM. Parted and its front-ends use a "boot" flag on GPT to indicate that a partition is an EFI system partition.
A BIOS boot partition is only required when using GRUB for BIOS booting from a GPT disk. The partition has nothing to do and it must not be formatted with a file system or mounted.
Alpine disk layout for UEFI
You will need a disk layout that your system firmware is capable of booting, you will need a boot partition and a root partition. Other architectures may have different requirements.
The boot partition should generally be formatted ext2 unless you have specific requirements. The root partition, and any additional partitions or LVM volume groups, may be in any format that the kernel is capable of reading.
UEFI/GPT minimal layout
| Mount point | Partition | Partition type Purpose | Recommended size |
|---|---|---|---|
| /boot or /efi | /dev/sda1 | Boot system partition for EFI | 260 MiB |
| / | /dev/sda2 | Alpine Linux root system OS | 1–32 GiB |
| none | /dev/sda3 | Linux swap memory | 1-2Gb |
BIOS/MBR minimal layout
| Mount point | Partition | Partition type Purpose | Recommended size |
|---|---|---|---|
| /boot | /dev/sda1 | Boot grub partition (optional) | 100 MiB |
| / | /dev/sda2 | Alpine Linux root system OS | 1–32 GiB |
| none | /dev/sda3 | Linux swap memory | 1-2Gb |
BIOS/GPT minimal layout
| Mount point | Partition | Partition type Purpose | Recommended size |
|---|---|---|---|
| None | /dev/sda1 | BIOS boot partition | 8 MiB |
| / | /dev/sda2 | Alpine Linux root system OS | 1–32 GiB |
| none | /dev/sda3 | Linux swap memory | 1-2Gb |
BIOS boot process for newbies
BIOS only supports two methods of booting - loading 448ish bytes of 8088 machine code from the start of a floppy disk, or the same from the start of a fixed IDE disk
BIOS can only assume one boot loader occupying the start of hard drive. So each OS overwrites it with its own boot loader. Messy messy. There's also the 2TB issue I mentioned before
In order to make your drive more useful, it's split up into partitions - chunks of disk which can be treated as independent drives from inside your OS. Ruindows (following on from MS-DOS) only supports one method for partitioning its boot drive on BIOS systems: "MBR"
MBR cannot handle numbers bigger than 2,199,023,255,552. It is impossible to talk about any drive beyond 2TB using MBR layout. So if you're booting from it and use BIOS, you MUST use MBR (because that's all Windows supports) - and you simply can't use any space beyond that if your boot drive is 3TB or bigger.
For now. Ish. Any modern motherboard (some 2011 onwards, all with a Ruindows 8 logo on the box) is using UEFI natively, but most can emulate BIOS enough for you to keep booting with BIOS.
How to choose BIOS Boot options media
WIP due we nee a very easy way to tell this
UEFI boot process for newbies.. i mean for complications
Well, let's start with installers. It'll read a UDF or FAT32-formatted USB drive or DVD, and look for the file /efi/boot/bootx64.efi and run it. An app, written in the UEFI "OS". It can be anything! Here's classic text adventure Zork, as a UEFI app.
It's possible to make boot media which is valid for both UEFI and BIOS. Unfortunately, in a slightly user-unfriendly twist, you (the user) need to pick the right boot entry. For example, on the wife's PC, a USB stick gets listed as both "UEFI: Sandisk Cruzer Edge" and "USB: Sandisk Cruzer Edge". Just... make sure you pick the right entry. It's impossible to change mode after this point.
It uses a different partitioning system called GPT instead of MBR, and secondly it creates an extra ~100 meg partition called the "EFI System Partition" - a FAT32 partition where the boot loader apps get installed to (no more boot sectors).
Each OS will stick its boot loader somewhere in the ESP, then send a signal to the firmware to write this new loader's location into the CMOS. Each entry installed in this manner will get its own listing in your "boot devices" list on the firmware - so if you installed MACOSX, you'll have "MACOSX Boot Manager" as an entry next to your DVD drive and hard drive after you reboot. This is why you don't do the old "unplug drive A when installing a different OS to drive B" thing, or swap cables, or anything like that. You should only have one ESP, the one on drive A.
What's this infamous "secure boot"
It's a way for your motherboard to prevent tampering of your OS (e.g. boot-sector viruses, or backdoors installed without your knowledge .. umm suuureeeee). You can provide a list of certificates you trust, then the firmware enforces that everything involved with the boot process (not just the boot loader, but the OS kernel itself, and all your device firmwares like your GPU BIOS) are signed with a trusted key.
It stops you booting "untrusted stuff" (suuuurrreeee). So you can sign your own crap, and trust the certificate you used to do that signing. Or you can get your crap signed by Microsoft - every motherboard has a small list of pre-trusted certificates which includes Microsoft's cert, which they'll let anyone use for a small fee.
How to boot older things?
Must be disable the Secure Boot, but that option will not remains forever.
Overall notes and conclusions
UEFI is buggy due Motherboard manufacturers dont implement property the specs, and hire the cheapest developers to work for them, so problems will come so far!
BIOS has been around a couple of decades longer, so has a couple of decades of extra bug fixing applied. Problems exist but with solutions!
It's not malice, it's incompetence. But the solution isn't sticking with BIOS - it's learning a new set of workarounds.