Revision as of 03:16, 1 April 2012

Even if Alpine is designed to run from ram, it has some similarities in package management with both Gentoo and Debian. This page is supposed to show those differences and help Debian and Gentoo users to use Alpine.

The page was originally copied from: http://gentoo-wiki.com/TIP_Converting_from_or_to_Debian

Package management

Where Gentoo has portage and emerge and Debian has, among others, apt, Alpine uses apk-tools. This compares how you use apk-tools in comparation to apt-get/aptitude and emerge.

Note that Gentoo is source based, just like ports in FreeBSD is while Debian uses pre-compiled binaries. Alpine is compiled using Gentoo portage but Alpine itself uses its own apk-tools binary package that are more similar FreeBSD's binary packages.

Updating package database

Gentoo will update the build-from-source scripts and are the updating of the database is takes much more time that updating the database for Debian or Alpine.

Alpine

apk_fetch -u

Gentoo

emerge --sync

Debian

aptitude update

Showing available updates

Show what packages that have an update available:

Alpine

apk_version -v

or:

apk_version -v -l '<'

Gentoo

emerge --deep --update --pretend world

Debian

aptitude upgrade --simulate

Update a particular package

Alpine

apk_add -u package1 package2

Debian

aptitude install package1 package2

Gentoo

emerge --update package1 package2

Installing packages

Alpine

apk_add package1 package2

Gentoo

emerge package1 package2

Debian

apt-get install package1 package2

Debian source compile:

apt-get build-dep package1
apt-get source package1

(optional: customize the build by modifying the debian/rules makefile) (or set environmental variables like DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS) (note that this will make your bug reports invalid to the maintainer)

dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -uc -b
dpkg -i generatedpackagename

Simplified source compile:

apt-get build-dep package1
apt-get -b source package1

(the packages are automatically generated using the -b switch above)

Note: This process can be used to backport packages from testing and unstable by simply adding their respective source repositories to sources.list, which is similar to adding ~x86 to package.keywords in Gentoo. This is explored further in "arch and repositories" below.

Reinstall a particular package

Alpine

apk_delete package1 && apk_add package2

or:

apk_add -f package1 package2

Gentoo

emerge --oneshot package1 package2

Debian

apt-get install --reinstall package1 package2

Note: You rarely need to reinstall a package on Debian

Searching package database

Alpine

Alpine will only search package names.

apk_fetch -lv | grep searchword

Gentoo

To search the package names and descriptions:

emerge --searchdesc searchword

Note: On Gentoo, it's actually much better to install and use either the esearch package or the eix package to do a search. You use them like this:

eix searchword

or

esearch searchword

Debian

apt-cache search searchword

Both emerge and apt-cache search support regular expressions.

To get the long package information on Debian (searching only in package names):

apt-cache search --full --names-only searchword

Removing packages

Alpine

apk_delete package1 package2

To also remove unused dependencies:

apk_delete -R package1 package2

apk_delete will remove configuration files without asking any questions. Make sure you have backups of your configuration files. (Using rcs might be an idea)

You will mostly like to take a quick look at the dependencies before you remove packages recursively.

To see dependencies for a package, use:

apk_info -R package1 package2

To see if package is required by other packages (is a dependency for another packages), use:

apk_info -r package1

Gentoo

emerge --unmerge package1 package2

Debian

apt-get remove package1 package2

or to remove along with all configuration files

apt-get remove --purge package1 package2

Only downloading packages

This can be useful e.g. if you're on a dial-up connection and want to download everything first and install later.

Alpine

apk_fetch package1 package2

Gentoo

emerge --fetchonly package1 package2

Debian

apt-get install --download-only package1 package2

Cleaning up downloaded packages

Compressed packages that were downloaded for installation can easily consume gigs of hdd space.

Alpine

Alpine will clean up package automatically unless APK_KEEPCACHE is set to "yes" in /etc/apk.conf. To do it manually if it is set:

rm /var/cache/packages/*

Gentoo

rm -rf /usr/portage/distfiles/*

To only remove outdated packages you will need to install the gentoolkit package and use eclean:

eclean distfiles

Cleaning temporary files from emerging packages:

rm -rf /var/tmp/portage/*

Debian

apt-get clean

Only remove outdated packages:

apt-get autoclean

Reverse dependencies

Alpine

apk-tools will take care of reverse dependencies.

Gentoo

Reverse dependencies are a major drawback of Gentoo's current portage implementation: It does not take care of them at all at the moment. This means that you can uninstall packages needed by others without being warned about it. E.g. you can remove the x server package without portage warning you that kde (which you have installed as well) depends on it. This way you can actually break your entire system (e.g. by removing glibc).

revdep-rebuild

can fix broken dependencies broken by emerge --depclean

Debian

Reverse dependencies are taken care of by dpkg.

Runlevel & Initscripts

Runlevels work pretty conventionally on Debian. On Alpine and Gentoo, they are a bit different.

Directories and files

In Debian runlevels are named conventionally (0-6 and S). They are represented by directories in /etc/ called rc*.d (when the default sysv-rc boot loader package is installed; file-rc can be installed instead, and then the relevant file is runlevel.conf).

/etc/rc0.d
/etc/rc1.d
/etc/rcS.d
/etc/rc2.d
/etc/rc3.d
/etc/rc4.d
/etc/rc5.d
/etc/rc6.d

In Gentoo, runlevels have the same names, but these are mapped to more self explanatory ones (in /etc/inittab): "boot", "default", "nonetwork", with the option to add more. The directories that represent them are in /etc/runlevels/:

/etc/runlevels/boot
/etc/runlevels/default
/etc/runlevels/nonetwork

In Gentoo, if a service is not explicitly started in a runlevel, it is stopped when switching to that runlevel! There is no explicit stopping of runlevels as in Debian (/etc/rc?.d/K??service).

In both Debian and Gentoo, which things are started (and stopped) in which runlevels is controlled by links in the runlevel directories to scripts in /etc/init.d/, e.g.: gentoo

$ ls -l /etc/runlevels/boot/hostname
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root 20 Mar 25  2004 /etc/runlevels/boot/hostname -> /etc/init.d/hostname

Debian

$ ls -l rcS.d/S40hostname.sh
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root 21 2004-11-07 00:19 rcS.d/S40hostname.sh -> ../init.d/hostname.sh

TODO: Alpine

Runlevel management

To manage which things to start in which runlevels, use the following commands:

Alpine

To see current status of services in runlevels, do:

rc_status

To add sshd to default runlevel, do:

rc_add -k sshd

The -k option will make sure sshd is stopped when shutting down or reboot. To remove sshd from all runlevels do:

rc_delete sshd

Gentoo

rc-update

To add the cupsd to the default runlevel, do:

rc-update add cupsd default

To remove alsasound from the boot runlevel, do:

rc-update del alsasound boot

Also see this wiki page about gentoo runlevel management with rc-update

Debian

update-rc.d

Configure cupsd to be started in runlevels 2, 3, 4, 5, and stopped in 0, 1, 6, with sequence code 20:

update-rc.d cupsd start 20 2 3 4 5 . stop 20 0 1 6 .

or simply:

update-rc.d cupsd defaults

Remove cupsd from all runlevels:

update-rc.d -f cupsd remove

Config Files

/etc/make.conf and use flags

While in gentoo there are a large number of configuration files which exist to control the behaviour of the package management system. There are comparatively fewer in Debian, as there is no need to dictate how to compile software which is downloaded and tweak / alter this purpose. In gentoo, the file /etc/make.conf is used for much configuration; this includes USE flags, which influence which elements of packages are compiled, and which libraries to build support for - common USE flags (USE or -USE to specifically negate support) include 'gtk gnome' for gnome users (and a corresponding -qt -kde -arts) and 'qt kde arts' for kde users. A gentoo user's complete set of use flags may look something like this:

USE="-kde -arts -qt xv truetype bluetooth crypt slang readline gpm berkdb mmx gdbm tcpd pam libwww ssl nls ethereal perl python esd gif imlib sdl oggvorbis mpeg gnome gtk X motif opengl avi png tiff nptl pcmcia nptl ldap eds"

arch and repositories

Gentoo

Also in /etc/make.conf is the ACCEPT_KEYWORDS setting, with (for an X86-based processor) two settings, x86 for stabler packages, and ~x86 for bleeding edge packages. It is however not recommended to make this change in /etc/make.conf. Rather configure this per-package in /etc/portage/package.keywords. It's enough to put a line into that file naming the package (for example 'app-foo/bar'). That file might look like this:

app-crypt/gpg-agent
app-text/docbook-xsl-stylesheets
app-text/docbook-xml-dtd-4.3-r1

The last line says, that only version 4.3-r1 should be unmasked. Older and newer versions will still be ignored.

Note for non-x86 users: The keywords x86 and ~x86 can of course be replaced by sparc and ~sparc for example.

Debian

Setting this in Debian is slightly more complicated, and is accomplished by setting different 'repositories' in /etc/apt/sources.list - along with which 'tree' to use for packages; in debian, these are stable, testing, and unstable. An /etc/apt/sources.list file for a debian testing user may look something like this:

deb http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian testing main non-free contrib
deb ftp://ftp.nerim.net/debian-marillat testing main
deb http://security.debian.org testing/updates main contrib non-free

Alternatively, /etc/apt/sources.list can contain any number of repositories for any trees, and a default tree (this can be overridden using the -t switch on the command line) in /etc/apt/apt.conf:

  APT::Default-Release "testing";

Per-package settings go in /etc/apt/preferences, somewhat like Gentoo's /etc/portage/package.keywords.

Network

Alpine

Alpine uses /etc/network/interfaces, just like Debian. The main reason is because this is the way busybox does it.

/etc/network/interfaces:

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
 address 192.168.0.1
 netmask 255.255.255.0
 broadcast 192.168.0.255
 
auto eth0:0
iface eth0:0 inet static
 address 192.168.1.1
 netmask 255.255.255.0
 broadcast 192.168.1.255
# etc.

Gentoo

/etc/conf.d/net:

config_eth0=( "192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0"
              "192.168.2.100 netmask 255.255.255.0" )
routes_eth0=( "default via 192.168.1.1" )

Note that this has changed recently. For more information please refer to http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?part=4

Debian

/etc/network/interfaces:

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
 address 192.168.0.1
 netmask 255.255.255.0
 broadcast 192.168.0.255
 
auto eth0:0
iface eth0:0 inet static
 address 192.168.1.1
 netmask 255.255.255.0
 broadcast 192.168.1.255
# etc.

Comparison chart

This material is obsolete ...

Please feel free to help us make an up-to-date version. (Discuss)

This chart shows how some standard things are done in (older versions of) Alpine compared to other distributions.

Action	Alpine 1.9	Alpine 1.8	Arch Linux	Gentoo	Debian/Ubuntu
Update package database	apk update	apk_fetch -u	pacman -Sy	emerge --sync	aptitude update
Showing available updates	apk version -l '<'	apk_version -v -l '<'		emerge --deep --update --pretend @world	aptitude upgrade --simulate
Update a particular package
Installing packages
Reinstall a particular package
Searching package database
Removing packages
Only downloading packages
Cleaning up downloaded packages
Reverse dependencies

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Introduction ==
 Even if Alpine is designed to run from ram, it has some similarities in package management with both Gentoo and Debian. This page is supposed to show those differences and help Debian and Gentoo users to use Alpine.
 The page was originally copied from: http://gentoo-wiki.com/TIP_Converting_from_or_to_Debian
-==Package management==
+=Package management=
 Where Gentoo has portage and emerge and Debian has, among others, apt, Alpine uses apk-tools. This compares how you use apk-tools in comparation to apt-get/aptitude and emerge.
 Note that Gentoo is source based, just like ports in FreeBSD is while Debian uses pre-compiled binaries. Alpine is compiled using Gentoo portage but Alpine itself uses its own apk-tools binary package that are more similar FreeBSD's binary packages.
-===Updating package database===
+==Updating package database==
 Gentoo will update the build-from-source scripts and are the updating of the database is takes much more time that updating the database for Debian or Alpine.
@@ Line 21: / Line 20: @@
   aptitude update
-===Showing available updates===
+==Showing available updates==
 Show what packages that have an update available:
@@ Line 35: / Line 34: @@
   aptitude upgrade --simulate
-===Update a particular package===
+==Update a particular package==
 '''Alpine'''
   apk_add -u package1 package2
@@ Line 43: / Line 42: @@
   emerge --update package1 package2
-===Installing packages===
+==Installing packages==
 '''Alpine'''
   apk_add package1 package2
@@ Line 65: / Line 64: @@
 '''Note:''' This process can be used to backport packages from testing and unstable by simply adding their respective source repositories to sources.list, which is similar to adding ~x86 to package.keywords in Gentoo. This is explored further in "arch and repositories" below.
-=== Reinstall a particular package ===
+== Reinstall a particular package ==
 '''Alpine'''
   apk_delete package1 && apk_add package2
@@ Line 77: / Line 76: @@
 Note: You ''rarely'' need to reinstall a package on Debian
-===Searching package database===
+==Searching package database==
 '''Alpine'''
@@ Line 102: / Line 101: @@
   apt-cache search --full --names-only searchword
-===Removing packages===
+==Removing packages==
 '''Alpine'''
@@ Line 127: / Line 126: @@
   apt-get remove --purge package1 package2
-===Only downloading packages===
+==Only downloading packages==
 This can be useful e.g. if you're on a dial-up connection and want to download everything first and install later.
@@ Line 137: / Line 136: @@
   apt-get install --download-only package1 package2
-===Cleaning up downloaded packages===
+==Cleaning up downloaded packages==
 Compressed packages that were downloaded for installation can easily consume gigs of hdd space.
@@ Line 157: / Line 156: @@
   apt-get autoclean
-===Reverse dependencies===
+==Reverse dependencies==
 '''Alpine'''
@@ Line 176: / Line 175: @@
 Reverse dependencies are taken care of by dpkg.
-==Runlevel & Initscripts==
+=Runlevel & Initscripts=
 Runlevels work pretty conventionally on Debian. On Alpine and Gentoo, they are a bit different.
-===Directories and files===
+==Directories and files==
 In '''Debian''' runlevels are named conventionally (0-6 and S). They are represented by directories in /etc/ called rc*.d (when the default sysv-rc boot loader package is installed; file-rc can be installed instead, and then the relevant file is runlevel.conf).
 * /etc/rc0.d
@@ Line 208: / Line 207: @@
 TODO: Alpine
-===Runlevel management===
+==Runlevel management==
 To manage which things to start in which runlevels, use the following commands:
@@ Line 240: / Line 239: @@
   update-rc.d -f cupsd remove
-==Config Files==
+=Config Files=
-===/etc/make.conf and use flags===
+==/etc/make.conf and use flags==
 While in gentoo there are a large number of configuration files which exist to control the behaviour of the package management system. There are comparatively fewer in Debian, as there is no need to dictate how to compile software which is downloaded and tweak / alter this purpose. In gentoo, the file /etc/make.conf is used for much configuration; this includes ''USE'' flags, which influence which elements of packages are compiled, and which libraries to build support for - common USE flags (USE or -USE to specifically negate support) include 'gtk gnome' for gnome users (and a corresponding -qt -kde -arts) and 'qt kde arts' for kde users. A gentoo user's complete set of use flags may look something like this:
 '''USE="-kde -arts -qt xv truetype bluetooth crypt slang readline gpm berkdb mmx gdbm tcpd pam libwww ssl nls ethereal perl python esd gif imlib sdl oggvorbis mpeg gnome gtk X motif opengl avi png tiff nptl pcmcia nptl ldap eds"'''
-===arch and repositories===
+==arch and repositories==
 '''Gentoo'''
@@ Line 254: / Line 253: @@
   app-crypt/gpg-agent
   app-text/docbook-xsl-stylesheets
-  =app-text/docbook-xml-dtd-4.3-r1
+  app-text/docbook-xml-dtd-4.3-r1
 The last line says, that ''only'' version 4.3-r1 should be unmasked. Older and newer versions will still be ignored.
@@ Line 275: / Line 274: @@
 Per-package settings go in ''/etc/apt/preferences'', somewhat like Gentoo's ''/etc/portage/package.keywords''.
-===Network===
+==Network==
 '''Alpine'''
@@ Line 322: / Line 321: @@
-== Comparison chart ==
+= Comparison chart =
 {{Obsolete}}