Bootloaders: Difference between revisions
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This page shows the basic steps you need to perform, if you for any reason want to switch bootloaders or apply some manual configuration. | This page shows the basic steps you need to perform, if you for any reason want to switch bootloaders or apply some manual configuration. | ||
* <code>[[#Syslinux|Syslinux]]</code> is the default light-weight bootloader used in Alpine.<br> | |||
* <code>[[#rEFInd|rEFInd]]</code> is an easy to use EFI boot menu that allows booting different operating systems.<br> | |||
* <code>[[#GRUB|GRUB]]</code> is a standard linux boot loader.<br> | |||
* <code>[[#EFI_Boot_Stub|EFI Boot Stub]]</code> allows booting linux directly from a motherboard supporting UEFI or another bootloader.<br> | |||
* Gummiboot can be used for [[UEFI Secure Boot]]. | |||
= rEFInd = | |||
For (U)EFI systems, the {{pkg|refind}} package can provide a graphical EFI boot menu that allows to boot operating systems that are found on the available partitions. | |||
As of now, {{pkg|refind}} is available in the [[Repositories#Testing|testing]] repository. It can be safely installed in alpine by following the [[Repositories#Using_testing_repository|guidelines]] or it may be installed in other dual/multi-booted linux distribution. | |||
The below command installs the alpine-linux refind package: | |||
{{cmd|# apk add refind@testing }} | |||
The below command installs refind to the EFI partition | |||
{{cmd| # refind-install --alldrivers}} | |||
The <code>--alldrivers</code> option includes all filesystem drivers instead of only the one needed to load the currently running kernel, to allow finding and booting operating systems from more partitions. | |||
For | For a Debian based distribution, it can be installed to the EFI partition like this: | ||
{{cmd|<nowiki># apt install refind # installs the debian package | |||
# refind-install --alldrivers # installs refind to the EFI partition | |||
</nowiki>}} | |||
( | And a first (default) boot menu line needs to be configured with Alpine's default boot parameters. Assuming the bootable partition is mounted at {{path|/media/sdXY}} it can be done like this (at time of writing): | ||
{{cmd|<nowiki># echo '"Alpine" "modules=loop,squashfs,sd-mod,usb-storage quiet initrd=\boot\intel-ucode.img initrd=\boot\amd-ucode.img initrd=\boot\initramfs-lts"' > /media/sdXY/boot/refind_linux.conf</nowiki>}} | |||
{{Note|At the time of writing, it was still needed to use backslashes in the .conf file.<br> | |||
The path in the config file needs to be relative to the partition that the kernel resides on. If {{path|/boot}} resides on its own separate partition, then <code>\boot</code> needs to be removed from the paths.}} | |||
{{ | There is also a second config file, '''refind.conf''' which is located inside the EFI partition. This file has to be edited manually, but it does not get affected by btrfs snapshot rollbacks. | ||
The config file is self-explanatory. The author's [https://www.rodsbooks.com/refind/configfile.html website] is also extremely rich in information. | |||
For [[btrfs]] filesystem, the necessary boot entry for Alpine Linux is as follows: | |||
{{Cat|/boot/efi/EFI/refind/refind.conf| | |||
<nowiki>menuentry "Alpine Linux" { | |||
icon /EFI/refind/icons/os_alpine.png | |||
volume BTRFSVOL | |||
loader @alpine/boot/vmlinuz-lts | |||
initrd @alpine/boot/initramfs-lts | |||
options "root=UUID=823a3283-30a7-4fef-b50b-8a2230c71b5b rw rootflags=subvol=@alpine rootfstype=btrfs" | |||
# PARTUUID not working for alpine | |||
} | |||
</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
For default alpine [[Installation#System_Disk_Mode|sys]] mode installation, the complete file content of refind.conf necessary to [[Dualbooting|dual boot]] Alpine Linux and windows is as follows: | |||
{{Cat|/boot/efi/EFI/refind/refind.conf| | |||
<nowiki> | |||
timeout 20 | |||
resolution 1920 1080 | |||
use_graphics_for windows,linux | |||
menuentry "Windows" { | |||
loader /EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi | |||
icon /EFI/refind/icons/os_win.png | |||
} | |||
menuentry "Alpine Linux" { | |||
icon /EFI/refind/icons/os_alpine.png | |||
volume ROOT | |||
loader /boot/vmlinuz-lts | |||
initrd /boot/initramfs-lts | |||
options "root=UUID=xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx rw" | |||
} | |||
</nowiki> | |||
}} | |||
The {{pkg|refind}} utility currently does not have Alpine Linux icon file. You can place this [[Media:Os alpine.png| icon]] in /boot/efi/EFI/refind/icons/ folder. | |||
{{Tip|If the above configuration is working perfectly,there is no need for {{pkg|grub}} and can be safely removed.}} | |||
= | = Syslinux = | ||
If you want to switch from another bootloader back to Syslinux, or if you for some reason want to install Syslinux manually, the following steps are required. | If you want to switch from another bootloader back to Syslinux, or if you for some reason want to install Syslinux manually, the following steps are required. | ||
Install the | Install the {{pkg|syslinux}} package: | ||
{{cmd|# apk add syslinux}} | |||
If you're using GPT partitions, install the GPT MBR onto the drive you want to install the bootloader on (in this case | If you're using GPT partitions, install the GPT MBR onto the drive you want to install the bootloader on (in this case {{path|/dev/sda}}): | ||
< | {{cmd|<nowiki># dd bs=440 count=1 conv=notrunc if=/usr/share/syslinux/gptmbr.bin of=/dev/sda</nowiki>}} | ||
Or if you're using DOS partitions, install the DOS MBR instead: | Or if you're using DOS partitions, install the DOS MBR instead: | ||
< | {{cmd|<nowiki># dd bs=440 count=1 conv=notrunc if=/usr/share/syslinux/mbr.bin of=/dev/sda</nowiki>}} | ||
<!-- See also: http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php?title=Mbr --> | <!-- See also: http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php?title=Mbr --> | ||
Next install the required Syslinux binaries. Despite being called <code>extlinux</code>, Syslinux supports booting from FAT12/16/32, NTFS, ext2/3/4, Btrfs, XFS, and UFS/FFS filesystems. | Next install the required Syslinux binaries. Despite being called <code>extlinux</code>, Syslinux supports booting from FAT12/16/32, NTFS, ext2/3/4, [[Btrfs|btrfs]], XFS, and UFS/FFS filesystems. | ||
{{cmd|# extlinux --install /boot}} | |||
The configuration file is located in | The configuration file is located in {{path|/boot/extlinux.conf}}. | ||
Alpine ships with a script called <code>update-extlinux</code> which automatically (re)generates this file, for example on updates to Syslinux. | Alpine ships with a script called <code>update-extlinux</code> which automatically (re)generates this file, for example on updates to Syslinux. | ||
The settings for this script can be found in | The settings for this script can be found in {{path|/etc/update-extlinux.conf}}, including the option to disable automatic overwriting of {{path|/boot/extlinux.conf}}. | ||
You can also place additional menu entries in the | You can also place additional menu entries in the {{path|/etc/update-extlinux.d/}} directory, e.g. for dual booting. | ||
<!-- | |||
The below section is commented as other options like grub and refind handle efi. Also the material looks quite dated. | |||
=== EFI === | |||
{{Todo|Work in progress. This should at least get you started.}} | |||
Assuming {{path|/mnt}} is a FAT32 partition of type EF00 and {{path|/boot}} belongs to the rootfs created after running <code>setup-disk</code>: | |||
{{cmd|<nowiki># mkdir -p /mnt/EFI/syslinux | |||
# cp /usr/share/syslinux/efi64/* /mnt/EFI/syslinux/ | |||
# cp /boot/extlinux.conf /mnt/EFI/syslinux/syslinux.cfg | |||
# cp /boot/vmlinuz* /mnt/EFI/syslinux/ | |||
# cp /boot/initramfs* /mnt/EFI/syslinux/ | |||
</nowiki>}} | |||
{{ | You may need to modify {{path|/mnt/EFI/syslinux/syslinux.cfg}} to change the paths to absolute paths (just add a / in front of the vmlinuz/initramfs entries), | ||
or copy the files to {{path|/mnt/EFI/syslinux}} instead (XXX: untested). | |||
At the end, the file {{path|/mnt/EFI/syslinux/syslinux.cfg}} should look like this: | |||
{{cat|/mnt/EFI/syslinux/syslinux.cfg|<nowiki>... | |||
DEFAULT menu.c32 | |||
PROMPT 0 | |||
MENU TITLE Alpine/Linux Boot Menu | |||
MENU HIDDEN | |||
MENU AUTOBOOT Alpine will be booted automatically in # seconds | |||
TIMEOUT 10 | |||
LABEL lts | |||
MENU DEFAULT | |||
MENU LABEL Linux lts | |||
LINUX /vmlinuz-lts | |||
INITRD /initrd-lts | |||
APPEND root=/dev/sda3 modules=sd-load,usb-storage,ext4 quiet | |||
</nowiki>}} | |||
And finally, add syslinux to EFI boot menu (assuming {{path|/dev/sda}} is your hard drive) | |||
{{cmd|<nowiki># apk add efibootmgr | |||
# efibootmgr -c -d /dev/sda -p 1 -l \\EFI\\syslinux\\syslinux.efi -L "ALPINE-SYSLINUX" | |||
</nowiki>}} | |||
You can now verify that the boot entry has been added | |||
'''efibootmgr''' | |||
<pre> | <pre> | ||
BootCurrent: 0001 | |||
Timeout: 0 seconds | |||
BootOrder: 0001,0000,0002,... | |||
Boot001* ALPINE-SYSLINUX HD(1,GPT,xxxxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx)/FILE(\EFI\syslinux\syslinux.efi) | |||
</pre> | </pre> | ||
---> | |||
= GRUB = | = GRUB = | ||
Line 79: | Line 158: | ||
To install GRUB in BIOS mode, (optionally) remove the Syslinux package and install the required GRUB packages: | To install GRUB in BIOS mode, (optionally) remove the Syslinux package and install the required GRUB packages: | ||
< | {{cmd|<nowiki># apk del syslinux | ||
apk add grub grub-bios</ | # apk add grub grub-bios | ||
</nowiki>}} | |||
For EFI, install | For EFI, install GRUB's EFI package instead. Note that {{path|/boot}} has to be an EFI compatible filesystem like FAT32. | ||
{{cmd|# apk add grub-efi efibootmgr}} | |||
Next install the MBR and GRUB binaries to disk for BIOS mode: | Next install the MBR and GRUB binaries to disk for BIOS mode: | ||
{{cmd|# grub-install /dev/vda}} | |||
For EFI mode: | For EFI mode: | ||
< | {{cmd|<nowiki># grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot</nowiki>}} | ||
then add this line to {{path|/etc/default/grub}}: | |||
{{cat|/etc/default/grub|<nowiki># GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet rootfstype=ext4 modules=sd-mod,usb-storage,ext4"</nowiki>}} | |||
GRUB ships with an automatic config generator, including some automatic detection of other operating systems installed on the device: | GRUB ships with an automatic config generator, including some automatic detection of other operating systems installed on the device: | ||
{{cmd|# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg}} | |||
This script can be configured via the | This script can be configured via the {{path|/etc/default/grub}} file. | ||
See [https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/html_node/Simple-configuration.html] for a list of available options. | See [https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/html_node/Simple-configuration.html] for a list of available options. | ||
= | = EFI Boot Stub = | ||
To boot directly from your motherboard's UEFI boot menu, a boot entry needs | |||
to be created with either a UEFI shell or ''efibootmgr''. | |||
== efibootmgr == | |||
Install efibootmgr: | |||
{{cmd|# apk add efibootmgr}} | |||
Create a boot entry. It's recommended to do this in a script, as efibootmgr | |||
does not allow editing entries. | |||
{{cat|add-bootentry|<nowiki>#!/bin/sh | |||
params="root=/dev/sdXZ rootfstype=ext4 rw \ | |||
initrd=\intel-ucode.img \ | |||
initrd=\initramfs-lts" | |||
efibootmgr --create --label "Alpine Linux" \ | |||
--disk /dev/sdX --part Y \ | |||
--loader /vmlinuz-lts \ | |||
--unicode "${params}" \ | |||
--verbose | |||
</nowiki>}} | |||
Where {{path|/dev/sdXY}} contains the EFI partition and {{path|/dev/sdXZ}} contains the root partition. If you are using {{Pkg|linux-edge}}, replace <code>lts</code> with <code>edge</code> in the script | |||
{{Note| | |||
The kernel contains the [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/init/do_mounts.c#n254 exhaustive list] of ways to specify the block device. For a more robust boot entry, it is recommended to use a persistent name such as the PARTUUID. | |||
}} | |||
Optionally, set the newly created entry as the default: | |||
{{cmd|# efibootmgr -n XXXX}} | |||
Where <code>XXXX</code> is the boot number of the new entry. | |||
{{Note| | |||
The loader and initrd file arguments are relative to the EFI partition. In a default installation, alpine places these files in {{path|/boot/}}, while EFI is mounted to {{path|/boot/efi/}}. You can either update fstab to mount EFI at {{path|/boot/}}, or manually copy them to {{path|/boot/efi/}}. }} | |||
= Using a UKI (UEFI only) = | |||
It is possible to boot directly into a '''Unified Kernel Image''' (UKI). A UKI is a single file which contains the initfs, kernel and cmdline. While this is typically done in order to enable [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI SecureBoot], it is perfectly feasible to skip enrolling the custom keys and leave SecureBoot off. | |||
The page [[UEFI Secure Boot]] contains the instructions for setting an a UKI. Additionally, it is possible to install the UKI in the default fallback path used by most UEFI implementations. By installing the UKI into this path, the system will automatically boot into it if no other entries are defined. This can be automated as part of the kernel hook by adding the following to {{path|/etc/kernel-hooks.d/secureboot.conf}} | |||
{{cat|/etc/kernel-hooks.d/secureboot.conf|<nowiki># For the edge kernel, install the UKI into the default UEFI path. | |||
if [ "$1" == "edge" ]; then | |||
output_dir="/efi/EFI/Boot/" | |||
output_name="bootx64.efi" | |||
fi | |||
</nowiki>}} | |||
{{path|bootx64.efi}} is only correct for <code>x86_64</code> systems. For other architectures the exact name will vary. | |||
= See also = | |||
* [https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Bootloader Gentoo Wiki] | |||
* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Arch_boot_process#Boot_loader Archwiki] | |||
* [https://wiki.postmarketos.org/wiki/Category:Bootloaders PostmarketOS Wiki] | |||
* [https://www.denx.de/wiki/U-Boot/ReleaseCycle U-Boot Release Cycle] | * [https://www.denx.de/wiki/U-Boot/ReleaseCycle U-Boot Release Cycle] | ||
[[Category:Installation]] | [[Category:Installation]] | ||
[[Category:Booting]] | [[Category:Booting]] |
Latest revision as of 17:11, 8 September 2024
This page shows the basic steps you need to perform, if you for any reason want to switch bootloaders or apply some manual configuration.
Syslinux
is the default light-weight bootloader used in Alpine.rEFInd
is an easy to use EFI boot menu that allows booting different operating systems.GRUB
is a standard linux boot loader.EFI Boot Stub
allows booting linux directly from a motherboard supporting UEFI or another bootloader.- Gummiboot can be used for UEFI Secure Boot.
rEFInd
For (U)EFI systems, the refind package can provide a graphical EFI boot menu that allows to boot operating systems that are found on the available partitions.
As of now, refind is available in the testing repository. It can be safely installed in alpine by following the guidelines or it may be installed in other dual/multi-booted linux distribution.
The below command installs the alpine-linux refind package:
# apk add refind@testing
The below command installs refind to the EFI partition
# refind-install --alldrivers
The --alldrivers
option includes all filesystem drivers instead of only the one needed to load the currently running kernel, to allow finding and booting operating systems from more partitions.
For a Debian based distribution, it can be installed to the EFI partition like this:
# apt install refind # installs the debian package # refind-install --alldrivers # installs refind to the EFI partition
And a first (default) boot menu line needs to be configured with Alpine's default boot parameters. Assuming the bootable partition is mounted at /media/sdXY it can be done like this (at time of writing):
# echo '"Alpine" "modules=loop,squashfs,sd-mod,usb-storage quiet initrd=\boot\intel-ucode.img initrd=\boot\amd-ucode.img initrd=\boot\initramfs-lts"' > /media/sdXY/boot/refind_linux.conf
The path in the config file needs to be relative to the partition that the kernel resides on. If /boot resides on its own separate partition, then
\boot
needs to be removed from the paths.There is also a second config file, refind.conf which is located inside the EFI partition. This file has to be edited manually, but it does not get affected by btrfs snapshot rollbacks. The config file is self-explanatory. The author's website is also extremely rich in information.
For btrfs filesystem, the necessary boot entry for Alpine Linux is as follows:
Contents of /boot/efi/EFI/refind/refind.conf
For default alpine sys mode installation, the complete file content of refind.conf necessary to dual boot Alpine Linux and windows is as follows:
Contents of /boot/efi/EFI/refind/refind.conf
The refind utility currently does not have Alpine Linux icon file. You can place this icon in /boot/efi/EFI/refind/icons/ folder.
Syslinux
If you want to switch from another bootloader back to Syslinux, or if you for some reason want to install Syslinux manually, the following steps are required.
Install the syslinux package:
# apk add syslinux
If you're using GPT partitions, install the GPT MBR onto the drive you want to install the bootloader on (in this case /dev/sda):
# dd bs=440 count=1 conv=notrunc if=/usr/share/syslinux/gptmbr.bin of=/dev/sda
Or if you're using DOS partitions, install the DOS MBR instead:
# dd bs=440 count=1 conv=notrunc if=/usr/share/syslinux/mbr.bin of=/dev/sda
Next install the required Syslinux binaries. Despite being called extlinux
, Syslinux supports booting from FAT12/16/32, NTFS, ext2/3/4, btrfs, XFS, and UFS/FFS filesystems.
# extlinux --install /boot
The configuration file is located in /boot/extlinux.conf.
Alpine ships with a script called update-extlinux
which automatically (re)generates this file, for example on updates to Syslinux.
The settings for this script can be found in /etc/update-extlinux.conf, including the option to disable automatic overwriting of /boot/extlinux.conf.
You can also place additional menu entries in the /etc/update-extlinux.d/ directory, e.g. for dual booting.
GRUB
To install GRUB in BIOS mode, (optionally) remove the Syslinux package and install the required GRUB packages:
# apk del syslinux # apk add grub grub-bios
For EFI, install GRUB's EFI package instead. Note that /boot has to be an EFI compatible filesystem like FAT32.
# apk add grub-efi efibootmgr
Next install the MBR and GRUB binaries to disk for BIOS mode:
# grub-install /dev/vda
For EFI mode:
# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot
then add this line to /etc/default/grub:
Contents of /etc/default/grub
GRUB ships with an automatic config generator, including some automatic detection of other operating systems installed on the device:
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
This script can be configured via the /etc/default/grub file. See [1] for a list of available options.
EFI Boot Stub
To boot directly from your motherboard's UEFI boot menu, a boot entry needs to be created with either a UEFI shell or efibootmgr.
efibootmgr
Install efibootmgr:
# apk add efibootmgr
Create a boot entry. It's recommended to do this in a script, as efibootmgr does not allow editing entries.
Contents of add-bootentry
Where /dev/sdXY contains the EFI partition and /dev/sdXZ contains the root partition. If you are using linux-edge, replace lts
with edge
in the script
The kernel contains the exhaustive list of ways to specify the block device. For a more robust boot entry, it is recommended to use a persistent name such as the PARTUUID.
Optionally, set the newly created entry as the default:
# efibootmgr -n XXXX
Where XXXX
is the boot number of the new entry.
Using a UKI (UEFI only)
It is possible to boot directly into a Unified Kernel Image (UKI). A UKI is a single file which contains the initfs, kernel and cmdline. While this is typically done in order to enable SecureBoot, it is perfectly feasible to skip enrolling the custom keys and leave SecureBoot off.
The page UEFI Secure Boot contains the instructions for setting an a UKI. Additionally, it is possible to install the UKI in the default fallback path used by most UEFI implementations. By installing the UKI into this path, the system will automatically boot into it if no other entries are defined. This can be automated as part of the kernel hook by adding the following to /etc/kernel-hooks.d/secureboot.conf
Contents of /etc/kernel-hooks.d/secureboot.conf
bootx64.efi is only correct for x86_64
systems. For other architectures the exact name will vary.