LVM on LUKS: Difference between revisions

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= Introduction =
= Introduction =


This documentation describes how to set up Alpine Linux using a logical volume (LV), that is installed in an encrypted partition. To encrypt the partition the logical volume manager (LVM) the volume group (VG) is installed in, the Device Mapper crypt (dm-crypt) module and Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS) is used.
This documentation describes how to set up Alpine Linux on a fully encrypted disk (apart from the bootloader's partition). We will have an LVM container installed inside an encrypted partition. To encrypt the partition containing the LVM volume group, dm-crypt (which is managed by the <code>cryptsetup</code> command) and its LUKS subsystem is used.


Note that you must install the <code>/boot/</code> directory on an unecrypted partition to boot correctly.
Note that your <code>/boot/</code> partition must be non-encrypted to work with Syslinux. When using GRUB2 it is possible to boot from an encrypted partition to provide a layer of protection from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_maid_attack Evil Maid attacks], but Syslinux doesn't support this.


== Hard Disk Device Name ==
== Storage Device Name ==


The following documentation uses the <code>vda</code> device as installation destination. If your environment uses a different device name for your hard disk, use the corresponding device names in the examples.
To find your storage device's name, you could either install <code>util-linux</code> (<code>apk add util-linux</code>) and find your device using the <code>lspci</code> command, or you could make an educated guess by using BusyBox's <code>blkid</code> and <code>df</code> commands, and running <code>ls /dev/sd*</code> if you are installing to a USB, SATA or SCSI device, <code>ls /dev/fd*</code> for floppy disks and <code>ls /dev/hd*</code> for IDE (PATA) devices.
 
The following documentation uses the <code>/dev/sda</code> device as installation destination. If your environment uses a different device name for your storage device, use the corresponding device names in the examples.


= Setting up Alpine Linux Using LVM on Top of a LUKS Partition =
= Setting up Alpine Linux Using LVM on Top of a LUKS Partition =
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Before you begin to install Alpine Linux, prepare the temporary environment:
Before you begin to install Alpine Linux, prepare the temporary environment:


{{Note|All settings in this section apply only to the temporary environment and not to the later installed Alpine Linux on your hard disk.}}
Boot the latest Alpine Linux Installation CD. At the login prompt, use the <code>root</code> user without a password to log in. Now we will follow the [[Setup-alpine]] script and make our changes along the way.
 
Run the scripts in this order:


Boot the latest Alpine Linux Installation CD. At the login prompt, use the <code>root</code> user without password to log in.
<pre># setup-keymap
# setup-hostname
# setup-interfaces
# rc-service networking start</pre>


Optionally, set the keyboard language:
If you are configuring static networking (you didn't configure any interfaces to use DHCP), run <code>setup-dns</code>.


<pre># setup-keymap</pre>
<pre># passwd
# setup-timezone
# rc-update add networking boot
# rc-update add urandom boot
# rc-update add acpid default
# rc-service acpid start</pre>


: The default keyboard mapping is <code>us-us</code>
Edit your {{Path|/etc/hosts}} to look like this, replacing <hostname> with your hostname and <domain> with your TLD (if you don't have a TLD, use 'localdomain':
{{Tip|The default text editor in BusyBox is <code>vi</code> (pronounced ''vee-eye'').}}
{{Cat|/etc/hosts|127.0.0.1      <hostname> <hostname>.<domain> localhost localhost.localdomain
::1            <hostname> <hostname>.<domain> localhost localhost.localdomain}}


Configure the network interface:


<pre># setup-interfaces</pre>
{{Note|In order to setup GRUB with UEFI, you are required to use the edge branch with the main and community repository. The reason for this is that <code>efibootmgr</code> is not available in the stable branch. If you do not want to switch completely over to edge you can do something called repository pinning. You will need to do this after the <code>setup-apkrepos</code> step.}}


: If you set a static IP address, additionally configure DNS be able to resolve host names:
<pre># setup-apkrepos
# apk update
# setup-sshd
# setup-ntp</pre>


<pre># setup-dns</pre>
Now we will deviate from the install script.


Enable the network interface. For example:
Install the following packages required to set up LVM and LUKS:


<pre># ifup eth0</pre>
{{Note|The <code>parted</code> partition editor is needed for advanced partitioning and GPT disklabels. BusyBox <code>fdisk</code> is a very stripped-down version with minimal functionality}}


Set an apk repository and update the cache:
<pre># apk add lvm2 cryptsetup e2fsprogs parted</pre>


<pre>
Optionally, if you want to overwrite your storage with random data first, install <code>haveged</code>, which is a random number generator based on hardware events and has a higher throughput than <code>/dev/urandom</code>:
# setup-apkrepos
# apk update
</pre>


Install the following packages required to set up LVM and LUKS:
<pre># apk add haveged
# rc-service haveged start</pre>


<pre>
== Creating the Partition Layout ==
# apk add lvm2 cryptsetup e2fsprogs
</pre>


Optionally, install and start the <code>haveged</code> service for unpredictable random numbers used for encryption:
=== BIOS/MBR with DOS disklabel ===


<pre>
We will be partitioning the storage device with a non-encrypted <code>/boot</code> partition for use with the Syslinux bootloader. Syslinux is meant for use with legacy BIOS and the MSDOS MBR partition table. Syslinux does support GPT partition tables but GRUB2 is the better option for UEFI.
# apk add haveged
# rc-service haveged start
</pre>


== Creating the Partition Layout ==
<pre>+---------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+
| Partition name            | Partition purpose      | Filesystem type      |
+---------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+
| /dev/sda1                | Boot partition        | ext4                  |
| /dev/sda2                | LUKS container        | LUKS                  |
| |-> /dev/mapper/lvmcrypt  | LVM container          | LVM                  |
|  |-> /dev/vg01/root      | Root partition        | ext4                  |
|  |-> /dev/vg01/swap      | Swap partition        | swap                  |
+---------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+</pre>


Linux requires an unencrypted <code>/boot/</code> partition to boot. You can assign the remaining space for the encrypted LVM physical volume (PV).
{{Warning|This will delete your previous partitioning table and make your data very hard to recover. If you want to dual boot, stop here and ask an expert.}}


Start the <code>fdisk</code> utility to set up partitions:
Create an approx. 100MB partition to boot off, then assign the rest of the space to your LUKS partition.


<pre># fdisk /dev/vda</pre>
<pre># parted -a optimal
(parted) mklabel msdos
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 0% 100M
(parted) name 1 boot
(parted) set 1 boot on
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 100M 100%
(parted) name 2 crypto-luks</pre>


Create the <code>/boot/</code> partition:
To view your partition table, type <code>print</code> while still in <code>parted</code>. Your results should look something like this:
* Enter <code>n</code> &rarr; <code>p</code> &rarr; <code>1</code> &rarr; <code>1</code> &rarr; <code>+100m</code> to create a new 100 MB primary partition.
<pre>(parted) print
Model: ATA TOSHIBA ******** (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 1000GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:


Set the <code>/boot/</code> partition active:
Number  Start  End    Size    Type    File system  Flags
* Enter <code>a</code> &rarr; <code>1</code>.
1      1049kB  99.6MB  98.6MB  primary  ext4        boot
2      99.6MB  1000GB  1000GB  primary  ext4</pre>


Create the LVM PV partition:
=== UEFI with GPT disklabel ===
* Enter <code>n</code> &rarr; <code>p</code> &rarr; <code>2</code> to start creating the next partition. Press <code>Enter</code> to select the default start cylinder. Enter the size of partition. For example, <code>512m</code> for 512 MB or <code>5g</code> for 5 GB. Alternatively press <code>Enter</code> to set the maximum available size.


Set the partition type for the LVM PV:
We will be encrypting the whole disk but the EFI system partition mounted at <code>/boot/efi</code>. This means that GRUB2 will decrypt the LUKS volume and load the kernel from there, preventing someone with physical access to your computer from maliciously installing a rootkit (or bootkit) in your boot partition while your computer is not already unlocked. The partitioning scheme will look like this:
* Enter <code>t</code> &rarr; <code>2</code> &rarr; <code>8e</code>


To verify the settings, press <code>p</code>. The output shows, for example:
<pre>+---------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+
| Partition name            | Partition purpose      | Filesystem type      |
+---------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+
| /dev/sda1                | EFI system partition  | fat32                |
| /dev/sda2                | LUKS container        | LUKS                  |
| |-> /dev/mapper/lvmcrypt  | LVM container          | LVM                  |
|  |-> /dev/vg01/root      | Root partition        | ext4                  |
|  |-> /dev/vg01/boot      | Boot partition        | ext4                  |
|  |-> /dev/vg01/swap      | Swap partition        | swap                  |
+---------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+</pre>


<pre>
{{Warning|This will delete your previous partitioning table and make your data very hard to recover. If you want to dual boot, stop here and ask an expert.}}
    Device Boot    Start      End    Blocks  Id System
/dev/vda1  *          1      100      50368+  83 Linux
/dev/vda2            101    10402    5192208  8e Linux LVM
</pre>


Press <code>w</code> to save the changes.
Create an approx. 200MB EFI system partition, then assign the rest of the space to your LUKS partition.


Optionally, wipe the LVM PV partition with random values:
<pre># parted -a optimal
(parted) mklabel gpt
(parted) mkpart primary fat32 0% 200M
(parted) name 1 esp
(parted) set 1 esp on
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 200M 100%
(parted) name 2 crypto-luks</pre>


<pre># haveged -n 0 | dd of=/dev/vda2</pre>
== Optional: Overwrite LUKS Partition with Random Data ==


Depending on the size of the partition, this process can take several minutes to hours.
This should be done if your hard drive wasn't encrypted previously. It helps purge old, non-encrypted data and makes it harder for an attacker to work out how much data you have on your drive if they have access to the encrypted contents.


== Encrypting the LVM Physical Volume Partition ==
We will be using <code>haveged</code> as it is considerably faster than <code>/dev/urandom</code> when generating pseudo-random numbers (it's almost as high as <code>/dev/zero</code> in throughput), and is (supposedly) very close to truly random.


To encrypt the partition which will later contain the LVM PV:
<pre># haveged -n 0 | dd of=/dev/sda2</pre>


<pre># cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vda2</pre>
== Encrypting the LVM Physical Volume Partition ==


If you prefer setting an individual hashing algorithm and hashing schema:
To encrypt the partition which will later contain the LVM PV, you could either use the default settings (aes-xts-plain64 cipher with 256-bit key and Argon2 hashing with iter-time 2000ms), or you could use these settings which have added security with the trade-off being a non-noticeable decrease in performance in modern computers:


* To run a benchmark:
Default settings:


<pre># cryptsetup benchmark</pre>
<pre># cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sda2</pre>


* To encrypt the partition using individual settings, enter, for example:
Optimized for security:


<pre># cryptsetup -v -c serpent-xts-plain64 -s 512 --hash whirlpool --iter-time 5000 --use-random luksFormat /dev/vda2</pre>
<pre># cryptsetup -v -c serpent-xts-plain64 -s 512 --hash whirlpool --iter-time 5000 --use-random luksFormat /dev/sda2</pre>


== Creating the Logical Volumes and File Systems ==
== Creating the Logical Volumes and File Systems ==
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Open the LUKS partition:
Open the LUKS partition:


<pre># cryptsetup open --type luks /dev/vda2 lvmcrypt</pre>
<pre># cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda2 lvmcrypt</pre>


Create the PV on <code>/dev/vda</code>:
Create the PV on <code>lvmcrypt</code>:


<pre># pvcreate /dev/mapper/lvmcrypt</pre>
<pre># pvcreate /dev/mapper/lvmcrypt</pre>
Line 125: Line 164:
<pre># vgcreate vg0 /dev/mapper/lvmcrypt</pre>
<pre># vgcreate vg0 /dev/mapper/lvmcrypt</pre>


Create the LVs:
=== LV Creation fro BIOS/MBR ===


: In the following you will create a LV for the root partition. However, you can use the same command with a different LV name to create further LVs for other mount points you want to create.
This will create a 2GB swap partition and a root partition which takes up the rest of the space. This setup is for those who do not need to use the hibernate/suspend to disk state. If you do need to suspend to disk, create a swap partition slightly larger than the size of your RAM (change the size after <code># lvcreate -L</code>).


* To create a 2 GB LV named <code>root</code> in the <code>vg0</code> VG:
<pre># lvcreate -L 2G vg0 -n swap
# lvcreate -l 100%FREE vg0 -n root</pre>
 
The LVs created in the previous steps are automatically marked active. To verify, enter:
 
<pre># lvscan</pre>


<pre># lvcreate -L 2G vg0 -n root</pre>
=== LV Creation for UEFI/GPT ===


* Create a 512 MB swap LV:
This will create a 2GB swap partition, a 2GB boot partition and a root partition which takes up the rest of the space. This setup is for those who do not need to use the hibernate/suspend to disk state. If you do need to suspend to disk, create a swap partition slightly larger than the size of your RAM (change the size after <code># lvcreate -L</code>).


<pre># lvcreate -L 512M vg0 -n swap</pre>
<pre># lvcreate -L 2G vg0 -n swap
# lvcreate -L 2G vg0 -n boot
# lvcreate -l 100%FREE vg0 -n root</pre>


The LVs created in the previous steps are automatically marked active. To verify, enter:
The LVs created in the previous steps are automatically marked active. To verify, enter:
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<pre># lvscan</pre>
<pre># lvscan</pre>


Format the <code>root</code> LV using the ext4 file system:
== Creating and Mounting the File Systems ==
 
Format the <code>root</code> and <code>boot</code> LVs using the ext4 file system:


<pre># mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg0/root</pre>
<pre># mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg0/root</pre>
If you created further LVs in the previous step, create the file systems on them using the same command with the path to the LV.


Format the swap LV:
Format the swap LV:


<pre># mkswap /dev/vg0/swap</pre>
<pre># mkswap /dev/vg0/swap</pre>
== Mounting the File Systems ==


Before you can install Alpine Linux, you must mount the partitions and LVs. Mount the root LV to the <code>/mnt/</code> directory:
Before you can install Alpine Linux, you must mount the partitions and LVs. Mount the root LV to the <code>/mnt/</code> directory:
Line 157: Line 201:
<pre># mount -t ext4 /dev/vg0/root /mnt/</pre>
<pre># mount -t ext4 /dev/vg0/root /mnt/</pre>


If you created further partitions or LVs, create the mount points within the <code>/mnt/</code> directory and mount the devices.
Next format your boot partition, create a mount point and mount it:
 
* If you're using BIOS and MBR:
 
<pre># mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
# mkdir -v /mnt/boot
# mount -t ext4 /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot</pre>
 
* If you're using UEFI and GPT:
 
<pre># apk add dosfstools
# mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sda1
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg0/boot
# mkdir -v /mnt/boot
# mount -t ext4 /dev/vg0/boot /mnt/boot
# mkdir -v /mnt/boot/efi
# mount -t vfat /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot/efi</pre>
 
Lastly, activate your swap partition:
 
<pre># swapon /dev/vg0/swap</pre>


== Installing Alpine Linux ==
== Installing Alpine Linux ==


In this step you will install Alpine Linux in the <code>/mnt/</code> directory, which contains the mounted file system structure:
In this step you will install Alpine Linux in the <code>/mnt/</code> directory, which contains the mounted file system structure:
Install Alpine Linux:


<pre># setup-disk -m sys /mnt/</pre>
<pre># setup-disk -m sys /mnt/</pre>


The installer downloads the latest packages to install the base installation. Additionally, the installer automatically creates the entries for the mount points in the <code>fstab</code> file, which are currently mounted in the <code>/mnt/</code> directory.
The installer downloads the latest packages to install the base installation. Additionally, the installer automatically creates the entries for the mount points in {{Path|/etc/fstab}} file, which is currently mounted in the <code>/mnt/</code> directory.


{{Note|The automatic writing of the master boot record (MBR) fails in this step. You will write the MBR later manually to the disk.}}
{{Note|The automatic writing of the master boot record (MBR) fails in this step. You will write the MBR later manually to the disk.}}


To enable the operating system to decrypt the PV at boot time, create the <code>/mnt/etc/crypttab</code> file. Enter the following line into the file to decrypt the <code>/dev/vda2</code> partition using the <code>luks</code> module and map it to the <code>lvmcrypt</code> name:
To get the UUID of your storage device into a file for later use, use this command:


<pre>lvmcrypt    /dev/vda2    none    luks</pre>
<pre># blkid -s UUID -o value /dev/sda2 > ~/uuid</pre>


The swap LV is not automatically added to the <code>fstab</code> file. To add it manually, add the following line to the <code>/mnt/etc/fstab</code> file:
To enable the operating system to decrypt the PV at boot time, create the {{Path|/mnt/etc/crypttab}} file. Enter the following line into the file to decrypt the <code>/dev/sda2</code> partition using the <code>luks</code> module and map it to the <code>lvmcrypt</code> name:
 
<pre>lvmcrypt    UUID=<UUID>    none    luks</pre>
 
{{Tip|To easily read the UUID into this file so you don't have to type it manually, open it in <code>vi</code>, then type <code>:r ~/uuid</code> to load the UUID onto a new line.}}
 
{{Note|To enable TRIM append <code>discard</code> after <code>luks</code> in <code>/mnt/etc/crypttab</code> (coma separated). If LVM is being used you'll also need to change <code>issue_discards</code> to equal 1 in <code>/mnt/etc/lvm.conf</code>. You will then want to add a cron job for <code>/sbin/fstrim</code> to run periodically. Be aware that there are security risks involved when enabling TRIM with LUKS.}}
 
 
The swap LV is not automatically added to the <code>fstab</code> file. To add it manually, add the following line to the {{Path|/mnt/etc/fstab}} file:


<pre>/dev/vg0/swap    swap    swap    defaults    0 0</pre>
<pre>/dev/vg0/swap    swap    swap    defaults    0 0</pre>


Edit the <code>/mnt/etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf</code> file and append the <code>cryptsetup</code> module to the <code>features</code> parameter:
Edit the {{Path|/mnt/etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf}} file and append the <code>cryptsetup</code> module to the <code>features</code> parameter:
 
<pre>features="... cryptsetup"</pre>
 
{{Note|Alpine Linux uses the <code>en-us</code> keyboard mapping by default when prompting for the password to decrypt the partition at boot time. If you changed the keyboard mapping in the temporary environment and want to use it at the boot password prompt, be sure to also add the <code>keymap</code> feature to the list above.}}


<pre>features="ata base ide scsi usb virtio ext4 lvm <u>cryptsetup</u>"</pre>
{{Note|Check the output of <code>mkinitfs -L</code> and add the features necessary for your system to boot. You may need to add <code>kms</code> in order to see a password prompt at boot.}}


{{Note|Alpine Linux uses the <code>en-us</code> keyboard mapping by default when prompting for the password to decrypt the partition at boot time. If you changed the keyboard mapping in the temporary environment and want to use it at the boot password prompt, be sure to also add the <code>keymap<code> feature to the list above.}}


Rebuild the initial RAM disk:
Rebuild the initial RAM disk:
Line 192: Line 266:


== Installing a bootloader ==
== Installing a bootloader ==
=== Syslinux ===
=== Syslinux with BIOS ===
 
Format the <code>/dev/vda1</code> device for the <code>/boot/</code> partition using the ext4 file system:
 
<pre># mkfs.ext4 /dev/vda1</pre>
 
Create <code>/mnt/boot/</code> directory and mount the <code>/dev/vda1</code> partition in this directory:
 
<pre>
# mkdir /mnt/boot/
# mount -t ext4 /dev/vda1 /mnt/boot/
</pre>


Install the Syslinux package:
Install the Syslinux package:
Line 209: Line 272:
<pre># apk add syslinux</pre>
<pre># apk add syslinux</pre>


Edit the <code>/mnt/etc/update-extlinux.conf</code> file and append the following kernel options to the <code>default_kernel_opts</code> parameter:
Edit {{Path|/mnt/etc/update-extlinux.conf}} and append the following kernel options to the <code>default_kernel_opts</code> parameter, replacing <UUID> with the UUID of <code>/dev/sda2</code>:


<pre>default_kernel_opts="... <u>cryptroot=/dev/vda2 cryptdm=lvmcrypt</u>"</pre>
<pre>default_kernel_opts="... cryptroot=UUID=<UUID> cryptdm=lvmcrypt"</pre>


: The <code>cryptroot</code> parameter sets the name of the device that contains the root file system. The <code>cryptdm</code> parameter sets the name of the mapping previously set in the <code>crypttab</code> file.
The <code>cryptroot</code> parameter sets the name of the device that contains the root file system, and the <code>cryptdm</code> parameter sets the name of the mapping previously set in <code>crypttab</code>.


Because the <code>update-extlinux</code> utility operators only on the <code>/boot/</code> directory, temporarily change the root to the <code>/mnt/</code> directory and update the boot loader configuration:
Because the <code>update-extlinux</code> utility operates only on the <code>/boot/</code> directory, temporarily change the root to the <code>/mnt/</code> directory and update the boot loader configuration:


<pre>
<pre># chroot /mnt/
# chroot /mnt/
# update-extlinux
# update-extlinux
# exit
# exit</pre>
</pre>
 
: Ignore the errors the <code>update-extlinux</code> utility displays.
 
Write the MBR to the <code>/dev/vda</code> device:
 
<pre># dd bs=440 count=1 conv=notrunc if=/mnt/usr/share/syslinux/mbr.bin of=/dev/vda</pre>


=== Grub on EFI ===
: If an error occurs in the <code>update-extlinux</code> command you can most likely ignore it.


Format the <code>/dev/vda1</code> device for the <code>/boot/</code> partition using the FAT32 file system:
Write the MBR to the <code>/dev/sda</code> device:


<pre>
<pre># dd bs=440 count=1 conv=notrunc if=/mnt/usr/share/syslinux/mbr.bin of=/dev/sda</pre>
# apk add dosfstools
# mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/vda1
</pre>


Create <code>/mnt/boot/</code> directory and mount the <code>/dev/vda1</code> partition in this directory:
=== Grub with UEFI ===
 
<pre>
# mkdir /mnt/boot/
# mount /dev/vda1 /mnt/boot/
</pre>
 
Edit the <code>/mnt/etc/default/grub</code> file and add the following kernel options to the <code>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT</code> parameter:
 
<pre>cryptroot=/dev/vda2 cryptdm=lvmcrypt</pre>
 
The <code>cryptroot</code> parameter sets the name of the device that contains the root file system. The <code>cryptdm</code> parameter sets the name of the mapping previously set in the <code>crypttab</code> file.


Mount the required filesystems for the Grub EFI installer to the installation:
Mount the required filesystems for the Grub EFI installer to the installation:


<pre>
<pre># mount -t proc /proc /mnt/proc
# mount -t proc /proc /mnt/proc
# mount --rbind /dev /mnt/dev
# mount --rbind /dev /mnt/dev
# mount --make-rslave /mnt/dev
# mount --make-rslave /mnt/dev
</pre>
# mount --rbind /sys /mnt/sys</pre>


Then chroot in and use <code>grub-install</code> to install Grub.
Then chroot in and use <code>grub-install</code> to install Grub.


<pre>
<pre># chroot /mnt
# (chroot) chroot /mnt
# source /etc/profile
# (chroot) apk add grub grub-efi efibootmgr
# export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"</pre>
# (chroot) grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot
# (chroot) grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
# (chroot) exit
</pre>


== Unmounting the Volumes and Partitions ==
Install <code>GRUB2</code> for EFI and (optionally) remove syslinux:


Umount <code>/mnt/boot/</code> and <code>/mnt/</code>:
<pre># apk add grub grub-efi efibootmgr
# apk del syslinux</pre>


<pre>
Edit {{Path|/etc/default/grub}} and add the following kernel options to the <code>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT</code> parameter, replacing <UUID> with the UUID of the encrypted partition (in this case, <code>/dev/sda2</code>):
# umount /mnt/boot/
# umount /mnt/
</pre>


{{Note|If you mounted further partitions or LVs below <code>/mnt/</code>, you must first unmount all of them before you can unmount <code>/mnt/</code>.}}
<pre>cryptroot=UUID=<UUID> cryptdm=lvmcrypt</pre>


Disable the swap partition:
The <code>cryptroot</code> parameter sets the name of the device that contains the root file system. The <code>cryptdm</code> parameter sets the name of the mapping previously set in the <code>crypttab</code> file.


<pre># swapoff -a</pre>
<pre># (chroot) grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi
# (chroot) grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
# (chroot) exit</pre>


Deactivate the VG:
== Unmounting the Volumes and Partitions ==


<pre># vgchange -a n</pre>
Unmount the <code>/mnt/</code> partitions and reboot:


Close the <code>lvmcrypt</code> device:
<pre># cd
 
# umount -ql /mnt/dev
<pre># cryptsetup luksClose lvmcrypt</pre>
# umount -R /mnt
 
# reboot</pre>
Reboot the system:
 
<pre># reboot</pre>


= Troubleshooting =
= Troubleshooting =
Line 304: Line 337:
Reboot and do the steps in [[#Preparing_the_Temporary_Installation_Environment|Prepare the temporary installation environment]] again.
Reboot and do the steps in [[#Preparing_the_Temporary_Installation_Environment|Prepare the temporary installation environment]] again.


Activate the VGs:
Setup the LUKS partition and activate the LVs:
 
<pre># cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda2
# vgchange -ay</pre>
 
[[#Creating_and_Mounting_the_File Systems|Mount the file systems]]


<pre># vgchange -a y</pre>
Verify that you run the steps described in the [[#Installing_Alpine_Linux|Installing Alpine Linux]] section correctly. Update the configuration if necessary, unmount the partitions, then reboot.


[[#Mounting_the_File_Systems|Mount the file systems]]
== System can't find boot device ==


Verify that you run the steps described in the [[#Installing_Alpine_Linux|Installing Alpine Linux]] section correctly. Update the configuration if necessary.
This can be because you are using a GPT partition table on a motherboard that runs BIOS instead of UEFI, or you are running an MSDOS/MBR/Syslinux install without enabling legacy boot mode in the UEFI settings.


[[#Unmounting_the_Volumes_and_Partitions|Unmount the volumes and partitions]]
== Secure boot ==
 
If secure boot complains of an unsigned bootloader, you can either disable it or adapt [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Secure_Boot this] guide to sign GRUB. If you're using Syslinux, then secure boot should be automatically disabled when you enable legacy boot mode.


= Hardening =
= Hardening =
Line 319: Line 359:
* Disable DMA in the BIOS and set the password for the BIOS according to Wikipedia.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMA_attack]
* Disable DMA in the BIOS and set the password for the BIOS according to Wikipedia.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMA_attack]
* Blacklist kernel modules that use DMA and any unused expansion modules (FireWire, CardBus, ExpressCard, Thunderbolt, USB 3.0, PCI Express and hotplug modules) that use DMA.
* Blacklist kernel modules that use DMA and any unused expansion modules (FireWire, CardBus, ExpressCard, Thunderbolt, USB 3.0, PCI Express and hotplug modules) that use DMA.
= See also =
*[[Bootloaders]]
*[[Alpine setup scripts]]
*[[Installing on GPT LVM]]
*[[Setting up LVM on GPT-labeled disks]]
*[[Setting up disks manually]]
*https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Syslinux
*https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/GRUB2
*https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Syslinux
*https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GRUB
*https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Sakaki's_EFI_Install_Guide


[[Category:Storage]]
[[Category:Storage]]
[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Security]]

Revision as of 00:22, 30 December 2019

Introduction

This documentation describes how to set up Alpine Linux on a fully encrypted disk (apart from the bootloader's partition). We will have an LVM container installed inside an encrypted partition. To encrypt the partition containing the LVM volume group, dm-crypt (which is managed by the cryptsetup command) and its LUKS subsystem is used.

Note that your /boot/ partition must be non-encrypted to work with Syslinux. When using GRUB2 it is possible to boot from an encrypted partition to provide a layer of protection from Evil Maid attacks, but Syslinux doesn't support this.

Storage Device Name

To find your storage device's name, you could either install util-linux (apk add util-linux) and find your device using the lspci command, or you could make an educated guess by using BusyBox's blkid and df commands, and running ls /dev/sd* if you are installing to a USB, SATA or SCSI device, ls /dev/fd* for floppy disks and ls /dev/hd* for IDE (PATA) devices.

The following documentation uses the /dev/sda device as installation destination. If your environment uses a different device name for your storage device, use the corresponding device names in the examples.

Setting up Alpine Linux Using LVM on Top of a LUKS Partition

To install Alpine Linux in logical volumes running on top of a LUKS encrypted partition, you cannot use the official installation procedure. The installation requires several manual steps you must run in the Alpine Linux Live CD environment.

Preparing the Temporary Installation Environment

Before you begin to install Alpine Linux, prepare the temporary environment:

Boot the latest Alpine Linux Installation CD. At the login prompt, use the root user without a password to log in. Now we will follow the Setup-alpine script and make our changes along the way.

Run the scripts in this order:

# setup-keymap
# setup-hostname
# setup-interfaces
# rc-service networking start

If you are configuring static networking (you didn't configure any interfaces to use DHCP), run setup-dns.

# passwd
# setup-timezone
# rc-update add networking boot
# rc-update add urandom boot
# rc-update add acpid default
# rc-service acpid start

Edit your /etc/hosts to look like this, replacing <hostname> with your hostname and <domain> with your TLD (if you don't have a TLD, use 'localdomain':

Tip: The default text editor in BusyBox is vi (pronounced vee-eye).

Contents of /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1 <hostname> <hostname>.<domain> localhost localhost.localdomain ::1 <hostname> <hostname>.<domain> localhost localhost.localdomain


Note: In order to setup GRUB with UEFI, you are required to use the edge branch with the main and community repository. The reason for this is that efibootmgr is not available in the stable branch. If you do not want to switch completely over to edge you can do something called repository pinning. You will need to do this after the setup-apkrepos step.
# setup-apkrepos
# apk update
# setup-sshd
# setup-ntp

Now we will deviate from the install script.

Install the following packages required to set up LVM and LUKS:

Note: The parted partition editor is needed for advanced partitioning and GPT disklabels. BusyBox fdisk is a very stripped-down version with minimal functionality
# apk add lvm2 cryptsetup e2fsprogs parted

Optionally, if you want to overwrite your storage with random data first, install haveged, which is a random number generator based on hardware events and has a higher throughput than /dev/urandom:

# apk add haveged
# rc-service haveged start

Creating the Partition Layout

BIOS/MBR with DOS disklabel

We will be partitioning the storage device with a non-encrypted /boot partition for use with the Syslinux bootloader. Syslinux is meant for use with legacy BIOS and the MSDOS MBR partition table. Syslinux does support GPT partition tables but GRUB2 is the better option for UEFI.

+---------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+
| Partition name            | Partition purpose      | Filesystem type       |
+---------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+
| /dev/sda1                 | Boot partition         | ext4                  |
| /dev/sda2                 | LUKS container         | LUKS                  |
| |-> /dev/mapper/lvmcrypt  | LVM container          | LVM                   |
|  |-> /dev/vg01/root       | Root partition         | ext4                  |
|  |-> /dev/vg01/swap       | Swap partition         | swap                  |
+---------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+
Warning: This will delete your previous partitioning table and make your data very hard to recover. If you want to dual boot, stop here and ask an expert.


Create an approx. 100MB partition to boot off, then assign the rest of the space to your LUKS partition.

# parted -a optimal
(parted) mklabel msdos
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 0% 100M
(parted) name 1 boot
(parted) set 1 boot on
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 100M 100%
(parted) name 2 crypto-luks

To view your partition table, type print while still in parted. Your results should look something like this:

(parted) print
Model: ATA TOSHIBA ******** (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 1000GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
 1      1049kB  99.6MB  98.6MB  primary  ext4         boot
 2      99.6MB  1000GB  1000GB  primary  ext4

UEFI with GPT disklabel

We will be encrypting the whole disk but the EFI system partition mounted at /boot/efi. This means that GRUB2 will decrypt the LUKS volume and load the kernel from there, preventing someone with physical access to your computer from maliciously installing a rootkit (or bootkit) in your boot partition while your computer is not already unlocked. The partitioning scheme will look like this:

+---------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+
| Partition name            | Partition purpose      | Filesystem type       |
+---------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+
| /dev/sda1                 | EFI system partition   | fat32                 |
| /dev/sda2                 | LUKS container         | LUKS                  |
| |-> /dev/mapper/lvmcrypt  | LVM container          | LVM                   |
|  |-> /dev/vg01/root       | Root partition         | ext4                  |
|  |-> /dev/vg01/boot       | Boot partition         | ext4                  |
|  |-> /dev/vg01/swap       | Swap partition         | swap                  |
+---------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+
Warning: This will delete your previous partitioning table and make your data very hard to recover. If you want to dual boot, stop here and ask an expert.


Create an approx. 200MB EFI system partition, then assign the rest of the space to your LUKS partition.

# parted -a optimal
(parted) mklabel gpt
(parted) mkpart primary fat32 0% 200M
(parted) name 1 esp
(parted) set 1 esp on
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 200M 100%
(parted) name 2 crypto-luks

Optional: Overwrite LUKS Partition with Random Data

This should be done if your hard drive wasn't encrypted previously. It helps purge old, non-encrypted data and makes it harder for an attacker to work out how much data you have on your drive if they have access to the encrypted contents.

We will be using haveged as it is considerably faster than /dev/urandom when generating pseudo-random numbers (it's almost as high as /dev/zero in throughput), and is (supposedly) very close to truly random.

# haveged -n 0 | dd of=/dev/sda2

Encrypting the LVM Physical Volume Partition

To encrypt the partition which will later contain the LVM PV, you could either use the default settings (aes-xts-plain64 cipher with 256-bit key and Argon2 hashing with iter-time 2000ms), or you could use these settings which have added security with the trade-off being a non-noticeable decrease in performance in modern computers:

Default settings:

# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sda2

Optimized for security:

# cryptsetup -v -c serpent-xts-plain64 -s 512 --hash whirlpool --iter-time 5000 --use-random luksFormat /dev/sda2

Creating the Logical Volumes and File Systems

Open the LUKS partition:

# cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda2 lvmcrypt

Create the PV on lvmcrypt:

# pvcreate /dev/mapper/lvmcrypt

Create the vg0 LVM VG in the /dev/mapper/lvmcrypt PV:

# vgcreate vg0 /dev/mapper/lvmcrypt

LV Creation fro BIOS/MBR

This will create a 2GB swap partition and a root partition which takes up the rest of the space. This setup is for those who do not need to use the hibernate/suspend to disk state. If you do need to suspend to disk, create a swap partition slightly larger than the size of your RAM (change the size after # lvcreate -L).

# lvcreate -L 2G vg0 -n swap
# lvcreate -l 100%FREE vg0 -n root

The LVs created in the previous steps are automatically marked active. To verify, enter:

# lvscan

LV Creation for UEFI/GPT

This will create a 2GB swap partition, a 2GB boot partition and a root partition which takes up the rest of the space. This setup is for those who do not need to use the hibernate/suspend to disk state. If you do need to suspend to disk, create a swap partition slightly larger than the size of your RAM (change the size after # lvcreate -L).

# lvcreate -L 2G vg0 -n swap
# lvcreate -L 2G vg0 -n boot
# lvcreate -l 100%FREE vg0 -n root

The LVs created in the previous steps are automatically marked active. To verify, enter:

# lvscan

Creating and Mounting the File Systems

Format the root and boot LVs using the ext4 file system:

# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg0/root

Format the swap LV:

# mkswap /dev/vg0/swap

Before you can install Alpine Linux, you must mount the partitions and LVs. Mount the root LV to the /mnt/ directory:

# mount -t ext4 /dev/vg0/root /mnt/

Next format your boot partition, create a mount point and mount it:

  • If you're using BIOS and MBR:
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
# mkdir -v /mnt/boot
# mount -t ext4 /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
  • If you're using UEFI and GPT:
# apk add dosfstools
# mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sda1
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg0/boot
# mkdir -v /mnt/boot
# mount -t ext4 /dev/vg0/boot /mnt/boot
# mkdir -v /mnt/boot/efi
# mount -t vfat /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot/efi

Lastly, activate your swap partition:

# swapon /dev/vg0/swap

Installing Alpine Linux

In this step you will install Alpine Linux in the /mnt/ directory, which contains the mounted file system structure:

# setup-disk -m sys /mnt/

The installer downloads the latest packages to install the base installation. Additionally, the installer automatically creates the entries for the mount points in /etc/fstab file, which is currently mounted in the /mnt/ directory.

Note: The automatic writing of the master boot record (MBR) fails in this step. You will write the MBR later manually to the disk.

To get the UUID of your storage device into a file for later use, use this command:

# blkid -s UUID -o value /dev/sda2 > ~/uuid

To enable the operating system to decrypt the PV at boot time, create the /mnt/etc/crypttab file. Enter the following line into the file to decrypt the /dev/sda2 partition using the luks module and map it to the lvmcrypt name:

lvmcrypt    UUID=<UUID>    none    luks
Tip: To easily read the UUID into this file so you don't have to type it manually, open it in vi, then type :r ~/uuid to load the UUID onto a new line.
Note: To enable TRIM append discard after luks in /mnt/etc/crypttab (coma separated). If LVM is being used you'll also need to change issue_discards to equal 1 in /mnt/etc/lvm.conf. You will then want to add a cron job for /sbin/fstrim to run periodically. Be aware that there are security risks involved when enabling TRIM with LUKS.


The swap LV is not automatically added to the fstab file. To add it manually, add the following line to the /mnt/etc/fstab file:

/dev/vg0/swap    swap    swap    defaults    0 0

Edit the /mnt/etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf file and append the cryptsetup module to the features parameter:

features="... cryptsetup"
Note: Alpine Linux uses the en-us keyboard mapping by default when prompting for the password to decrypt the partition at boot time. If you changed the keyboard mapping in the temporary environment and want to use it at the boot password prompt, be sure to also add the keymap feature to the list above.
Note: Check the output of mkinitfs -L and add the features necessary for your system to boot. You may need to add kms in order to see a password prompt at boot.


Rebuild the initial RAM disk:

# mkinitfs -c /mnt/etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf -b /mnt/ $(ls /mnt/lib/modules/)

The command uses the settings from the mkinitfs.conf file set in the -c parameter to generate the RAM disk. The command is executed in the /mnt/ directory and the RAM disk is generated using the modules for the installed kernel. Without setting the kernel version using the $(ls /mnt/lib/modules/) option, mkinitfs tries to generate the RAM disk using the kernel version installed in the temporary environment, which can differ from the latest one installed by the setup-disk utility.

Installing a bootloader

Syslinux with BIOS

Install the Syslinux package:

# apk add syslinux

Edit /mnt/etc/update-extlinux.conf and append the following kernel options to the default_kernel_opts parameter, replacing <UUID> with the UUID of /dev/sda2:

default_kernel_opts="... cryptroot=UUID=<UUID> cryptdm=lvmcrypt"

The cryptroot parameter sets the name of the device that contains the root file system, and the cryptdm parameter sets the name of the mapping previously set in crypttab.

Because the update-extlinux utility operates only on the /boot/ directory, temporarily change the root to the /mnt/ directory and update the boot loader configuration:

# chroot /mnt/
# update-extlinux
# exit
If an error occurs in the update-extlinux command you can most likely ignore it.

Write the MBR to the /dev/sda device:

# dd bs=440 count=1 conv=notrunc if=/mnt/usr/share/syslinux/mbr.bin of=/dev/sda

Grub with UEFI

Mount the required filesystems for the Grub EFI installer to the installation:

# mount -t proc /proc /mnt/proc
# mount --rbind /dev /mnt/dev
# mount --make-rslave /mnt/dev
# mount --rbind /sys /mnt/sys

Then chroot in and use grub-install to install Grub.

# chroot /mnt
# source /etc/profile
# export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"

Install GRUB2 for EFI and (optionally) remove syslinux:

# apk add grub grub-efi efibootmgr
# apk del syslinux

Edit /etc/default/grub and add the following kernel options to the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT parameter, replacing <UUID> with the UUID of the encrypted partition (in this case, /dev/sda2):

cryptroot=UUID=<UUID> cryptdm=lvmcrypt

The cryptroot parameter sets the name of the device that contains the root file system. The cryptdm parameter sets the name of the mapping previously set in the crypttab file.

# (chroot) grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi
# (chroot) grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
# (chroot) exit

Unmounting the Volumes and Partitions

Unmount the /mnt/ partitions and reboot:

# cd
# umount -ql /mnt/dev
# umount -R /mnt
# reboot

Troubleshooting

General Procedure

In case your system fails to boot, you can verify the settings and fix incorrect configurations.

Reboot and do the steps in Prepare the temporary installation environment again.

Setup the LUKS partition and activate the LVs:

# cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda2
# vgchange -ay

Mount the file systems

Verify that you run the steps described in the Installing Alpine Linux section correctly. Update the configuration if necessary, unmount the partitions, then reboot.

System can't find boot device

This can be because you are using a GPT partition table on a motherboard that runs BIOS instead of UEFI, or you are running an MSDOS/MBR/Syslinux install without enabling legacy boot mode in the UEFI settings.

Secure boot

If secure boot complains of an unsigned bootloader, you can either disable it or adapt this guide to sign GRUB. If you're using Syslinux, then secure boot should be automatically disabled when you enable legacy boot mode.

Hardening

  • To harden, you should disable DMA[1] and install a hardened version of AES (TRESOR[2] or Loop-Amnesia[3]) since by default cryptsetup with luks uses AES by default.
  • Disable DMA in the BIOS and set the password for the BIOS according to Wikipedia.[4]
  • Blacklist kernel modules that use DMA and any unused expansion modules (FireWire, CardBus, ExpressCard, Thunderbolt, USB 3.0, PCI Express and hotplug modules) that use DMA.

See also