Installation: Difference between revisions

From Alpine Linux
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And then carefully edit the wiki page.
And then carefully edit the wiki page.


Just as those before you did it, for you.
Just as those before you did it for you.
}}
}}


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* At least 100 MB of RAM. [A graphical desktop system may require up to 1 GB minimum.]
* At least 100 MB of RAM. [A graphical desktop system may require up to 1 GB minimum.]
* At least 0-700 MB space on a writable storage device. [Only required in "sys" or "data" mode installations (explained below). It is optional in "diskless" mode, only needed to save newer data and configurations states of a running system.]
* At least 0-700 MB space on a writable storage device. [Only required in "sys" or "data" mode installations (explained below). It is optional in "diskless" mode, only needed to save newer data and configurations states of a running system.]
For more information please check [[Requirements]]


== Installation Overview ==
== Installation Overview ==


=== The general course of actions ===
=== The general course of action ===
[Note: For single-board-computer (SBC) architectures which can not boot .iso images, see e.g. [[Alpine_on_ARM|Alpine on ARM]] for peculiarities.]
{{Note|For single-board-computer (SBC) architectures which can not boot .iso images, see [[Alpine_on_ARM|Alpine on ARM]] for peculiarities.}}
 


As usual, the regular installation procedure starts with three basic steps (additional details for all the steps follow [[Installation#additional details|below]]):<br>
As usual, the regular installation procedure starts with three basic steps (additional details for all the steps follow [[Installation#additional details|below]]):<br>


# Downloading and verifying the proper [http://alpinelinux.org/downloads stable-release ISO installation image-file] for the computer's architecture, and the corresponding <code>sha256</code> (checksum) and <code>GPG</code> (signature) files.
# Either burning the ISO image-file onto a blank CD/DVD/Blu-ray disk with disk burning software, or flashing the installation image onto a bootable storage device (USB-device, CF-/MMC-/SD-card, floppy, ...).
# Booting the computer from the prepared disk or storage device.


'''1.)''' Downloading and verifying the proper [http://alpinelinux.org/downloads stable-release ISO installation image-file] for the computer's architecture, and the corresponding <code>sha256</code> (checksum) and <code>GPG</code> (signature) files.
The boot process copies the entire operating system into the RAM memory, then runs it from there, after which, the command line environment does not depend on reading from the (possibly slow) initial boot media.
 
'''2.)''' Either burning the ISO image-file onto a blank CD/DVD/Blu-ray disk with a disk burning software, or flashing the installation image onto a bootable storage device (USB-device, CF-/MMC-/SD-card, floppy, ...).
 
'''3.)''' Booting the computer from the prepared disk or storage device.
 
 
The boot process then copies the entire operating system into the RAM memory, and then runs it from there, so that the started  command line environment does not depend on reading from the (possibly slow) initial boot media anymore.


Log-in is possible as the user <code>root</code> with its initially empty password.
Log-in is possible as the user <code>root</code>. Initially, the root user has no password.


Then an interactive script named <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-alpine|setup-alpine]]</code> is available at the command prompt, to configure and install the initial Alpine Linux system.
An interactive script named <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-alpine|setup-alpine]]</code> is available at the command prompt to configure and install the initial Alpine Linux system.


The <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-alpine|setup-alpine]]</code> question-and-answer dialog can configure installations that boot into one of three different '''Alpinelinux disk modes''', '''"diskless"''', '''"data"''', and '''"sys"'''. These are explained in more detail in the next subsections, but in the overview here it should already be said, that the initially booted installation system may always be configured into a fully usable, standalone, "diskless" live-system, by doing a run of <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-alpine|setup-alpine]]</code> and answering "none" when asked for the disk to use, where to store configs, and the location for the package cache.
The <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-alpine|setup-alpine]]</code> question-and-answer dialog can configure installations that boot into one of three different '''Alpinelinux disk modes''', '''"diskless"''', '''"data"''', and '''"sys"'''. These are explained in more detail in the following subsections. However, a newly installed system may always be configured into a fully usable, standalone, "diskless" live-system by runing <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-alpine|setup-alpine]]</code> and answering "none" when asked for the disk to use, where to store configs, and the location for the package cache.


Once a "diskless" system is configured by a run of <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-alpine|setup-alpine]]</code>, it's possible to use the [[Alpine_Linux_package_management|apk package manager]] to install any desired tool that may be missing in the live system to configure available hardware.
Once a "diskless" system is configured by running <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-alpine|setup-alpine]]</code>, it's possible to use the [[Alpine_Linux_package_management|apk package manager]] to install any desired tool that may be missing in the live system to configure available hardware.


Specific hardware configuration may be desired, for example, for available disk drives. It's needed to install with a customized partitioning or filesystem scheme, and if the installation should not simply use and overwrite a whole disk ([[Installation#Custom_partitioning_of_the_harddisk|details below]]).
Specific hardware configuration may be desired, for example, for available disk drives.  
e.g. If you need to install a custom partition or filesystem scheme, and if the installation should not use and/or overwrite the entire disk ([[Installation#Custom_partitioning_of_the_harddisk|details below]]).


After the desired adjustments have been done using the "diskless" system, <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-lbu|setup-lbu]]</code> and <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-apkcache|setup-apkcache]]</code> may be run to add a persistent configuration storage and a package cache storage to the running "diskless" system. After that, the system's state may be saved with  <code>[[Alpine_local_backup|lbu commit]]</code>. Or, <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-disk|setup-disk]]</code> may be run to add a "data" mode partition, or do a classic full install of the "diskless" system onto a "sys" disk or partition.
After the desired adjustments have been made using the "diskless" system, <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-lbu|setup-lbu]]</code> and <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-apkcache|setup-apkcache]]</code> may be run to add persistent configuration and package cache storage to the running "diskless" system. After that, the system state may be saved with  <code>[[Alpine_local_backup|lbu commit]]</code>. Or, <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-disk|setup-disk]]</code> may be run to add a "data" mode partition, or do a classic full install of the "diskless" system onto a "sys" disk or partition.


More [[Alpine_setup_scripts|setup-scripts]] are available to configure other specifics. They may be run separately to set up a system, or, to adjust only certain parts later. For example, to set up a graphical environment (covered in [[Installation#Post-Install|Post-Install]] below).
More [[Alpine_setup_scripts|setup-scripts]] are available to configure other specifics. They may be run separately to set up a system, or to adjust only specific parts later. For example, to set up a graphical environment (covered in [[Installation#Post-Install|Post-Install]] below).


==='''Diskless Mode'''===  
==='''Diskless Mode'''===  
This is the default boot mode of the .iso images, and <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-alpine|setup-alpine]]</code> configures this if selecting to install to "disk=none". It means that the whole operating system and all applications are loaded into, and then run from, RAM memory. This is extremely fast and can save on unnecessary disk spin-ups, power, and wear. There are similarities to what is called a "frugal" installation running with "toram" option with other distros, but without their remastering needs.
This is the default boot mode of the .iso images. <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-alpine|setup-alpine]]</code> configures this if "disk=none" is selected during installation. It means the entire operating system and all applications are loaded into, then run from, RAM. This is extremely fast and can save on unnecessary disk spin-ups, power, and wear. It is similar to what is called a "frugal" install running with the "toram" option as with some other distros, but without the need to
remaster the install media.


Customized configurations and package selections may still be preserved across reboots with the Alpine local backup tool <code>[[Alpine_local_backup|lbu]]</code>. It allows to commit and revert system states using .apkovl files that are saved to writable storage and loaded when booting. If additional or updated packages have been added to the system, these may also be made available for automatic (re)installation during the boot phase, by enabling a [[Alpine_Linux_package_management#Local_Cache|local package cache]] on the writable storage.
Custom configurations and package selections may be preserved across reboots with the Alpine local backup tool <code>[[Alpine_local_backup|lbu]]</code>. It enables committing and reverting system states using .apkovl files that are saved to writable storage and loaded when booting. If additional or updated packages have been added to the system, these may also be made available for automatic (re)installation during the boot phase, by enabling a [[Alpine_Linux_package_management#Local_Cache|local package cache]] on the writable storage.


[[https://gitlab.alpinelinux.org/alpine/alpine-conf/-/issues/10473 FIXME-1]: Storing local configs and the package cache on an ''internal'' disk still requires [[Alpine_local_backup#Saving_and_loading_ISO_image_customizations|some manual steps]] to have the partition listed, i.e. making a /etc/fstab entry, mountpoint, and mount, *before* running setup-alpine. And requires to manually commit this configuration to disk afterwards.]
[[https://gitlab.alpinelinux.org/alpine/alpine-conf/-/issues/10473 FIXME-1]: Storing local configs and the package cache on an ''internal'' disk still requires [[Alpine_local_backup#Saving_and_loading_ISO_image_customizations|some manual steps]] to have the partition listed, i.e. making a /etc/fstab entry, mountpoint, and mount, *before* running setup-alpine. And requires manually committing the configuration to disk afterwards.]


To allow for the local backups, <code>setup-alpine</code> can configure to store the configs and the package cache on a writable partition. (Later, directories on that same partition or another available partition may also be mounted as /home, or just for some important applications, to keep their run-time and user data on it.)
To allow for local backups, <code>setup-alpine</code> can be told to store the configs and the package cache on a writable partition. (Later, directories on that same partition or another available partition may also be mounted as /home, or for important applications, e.g. to keep their run-time and user data on it.)


The boot device of the newly configured local "diskless" system may remain the initial (and possibly read-only) installation media. But it is also possible to copy the boot system to a partition (e.g. /dev/sdXY) with <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-bootable|setup-bootable]]</code>.
The boot device of the newly configured local "diskless" system may remain the initial (and possibly read-only) installation media. But it is also possible to copy the boot system to a partition (e.g. /dev/sdXY) with <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-bootable|setup-bootable]]</code>.


==='''Data Disk Mode'''===  
==='''Data Disk Mode'''===  
This mode is still accelerated by running the system from RAM, however swap storage and the whole {{Path|/var}} directory tree gets mounted from a persistent storage device (two newly created partitions). The directory {{Path|/var}} holds e.g. all log files, mailspools, databases, etc., as well as <code>[[Alpine_local_backup|lbu]]</code> backup commits and the package cache. The mode is useful for having RAM accelerated servers with amounts of variable user-data that exceed the available RAM size, and to let the entire current system state (not just the boot state) survive a system crash according to the particular filesystem's guarantees.  
This mode also runs from system RAM, thus it enjoys the same accelerated operation speed as "diskless" mode. However, swap storage and the entire {{Path|/var}} directory tree get mounted from a persistent storage device (two newly created partitions). The directory {{Path|/var}} holds e.g. all log files, mailspools, databases, etc., as well as <code>[[Alpine_local_backup|lbu]]</code> backup commits and the package cache. This mode is useful for having RAM accelerated servers with variable amounts of user-data that exceed the available RAM size. It enables the entire current system state (not just the boot state) to survive a system crash in accordance with the particular filesystem guarantees.  


[[https://gitlab.alpinelinux.org/alpine/alpine-conf/-/issues/10474 FIXME-2]: Setup-alpine can not yet configure to store lbu configs to the "data disk" after selecting to use one. It's still necessary to first select to save configs to "none" in setup-alpine (the new data partition is not listed), and to manually edit /etc/lbu/lbu.conf to set e.g. LBU_MEDIA=sdXY, execute a corresponding <code>echo "/dev/sdXY /media/sdXY vfat rw 0 0" >> /etc/fstab</code> afterwards, and save the config with <code>lbu commit</code> to have the partition (here, dubbed as sdXY) mounted when booting.]
[[https://gitlab.alpinelinux.org/alpine/alpine-conf/-/issues/10474 FIXME-2]]: Setup-alpine will create the data partition and mount it as /var, but can not yet configure lbu storage settings automatically. It is currently necessary to select "none" at the 'where to store configs' prompt (the new data partition is not listed) and configure lbu manually. For example, after running <code>setup-alpine</code> and before rebooting:
# Set LBU_MEDIA=sdXY in  /etc/lbu/lbu.conf
# Execute a corresponding <code>echo "/dev/sdXY /media/sdXY <fstype> rw 0 0" >> /etc/fstab</code>
# Save the configuration for the next boot with <code>lbu commit</code>.


In data disk mode, the boot device may also remain the initial (and possibly read-only) installation media, or be copied over to a partition (e.g. /dev/sdXY) with <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-bootable|setup-bootable]]</code>.
In data disk mode, the boot device may also remain the initial (and possibly read-only) installation media, or be copied to a partition (e.g. /dev/sdXY) with <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-bootable|setup-bootable]]</code>.


==='''System Disk Mode'''===  
==='''System Disk Mode'''===  
This is a traditional hard-disk install.
This is a traditional hard-disk install.


If this mode is selected, the <code>[[setup-alpine]]</code> script defaults to create three partitions on the selected storage device, {{Path|/boot}}, {{Path|swap}} and {{Path|/}} (the filesystem root). This mode may, for example, be used for generic [[Desktops|desktop]] and development machines.
If this mode is selected, the <code>[[setup-alpine]]</code> script creates three partitions on the selected storage device, {{Path|/boot}}, {{Path|swap}} and {{Path|/}} (the filesystem root). This mode may, for example, be used for generic [[Desktops|desktop]] and development machines.


For custom partitioning, see [[Setting_up_disks_manually]].
For custom partitioning, see [[Setting_up_disks_manually]].


And to install along another operating systems, see [[Installing_Alpine_on_HDD_dualbooting]].
To install along side another operating systems, see [[Installing_Alpine_on_HDD_dualbooting]].


== Additional Details ==
== Additional Details ==
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| - ? -  || <code>shasum -a 256 alpine-*.iso</code> || - ? -
| - ? -  || <code>shasum -a 256 alpine-*.iso</code> || - ? -
|-
|-
! BSD  
! OpenBSD 
| <code>sha256 -C alpine-*.sha256 alpine-*.iso</code> ||        || <code>doas pkg_add gnupg;
ftp -o - https://alpinelinux.org/keys/ncopa.asc &#124; gpg --import ;
gpg --verify alpine-<version>.iso.asc alpine-<version>.iso</code>
|-
! FreeBSD 
| - ? - || <code>/usr/local/bin/shasum -a 256 alpine-*.iso</code> || - ? -
|-
! NetBSD  
| - ? - || <code>/usr/local/bin/shasum -a 256 alpine-*.iso</code> || - ? -
| - ? - || <code>/usr/local/bin/shasum -a 256 alpine-*.iso</code> || - ? -
|-
|-
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==== Unix/Linux ====
==== Unix/Linux ====


Under Unix (and thus Linux), "everything is a file" and the data in the image-file can be written onto a device or media with the <code>dd</code> command. Afterwards, <code>eject</code> can remove the target device from the system, to ensure the completion of all writes and clearing of the cache.
Under Unix (and thus Linux), "everything is a file" and the data in the image-file can be written to a device or media with the <code>dd</code> command. Afterward, executing the <code>eject</code> command removes the target device from the system and ensures the write cache is completely flushed.


  dd if=<iso-file-to-read-in> of=<target-device-node-to-write-out-to> bs=4M oflag=sync status=progress; eject <target-device-node-to-write-out-to>
  dd if=<iso-file-to-read-in> of=<target-device-node-to-write-out-to> bs=4M oflag=sync status=progress; eject <target-device-node-to-write-to>


Be careful to correctly identify the target device to overwrite, because all previous data on it will be lost! All connected "bulk storage devices" can be listed with <code><nowiki>lsblk</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>blkid</nowiki></code>.
Be careful to correctly identify the target device as any data on it '''will''' be lost! All connected "bulk storage devices" can be listed with <code><nowiki>lsblk</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>blkid</nowiki></code>.


  # lsblk
  # lsblk
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  /dev/sdX2: LABEL="other" UUID="..." TYPE="ext4"
  /dev/sdX2: LABEL="other" UUID="..." TYPE="ext4"


For example, if /dev/sdX is the desired target device to write the image to here, then first make sure to un-mount all mounted partitions of the target device individually. For example sdX1 and sdX2.
For example, if /dev/sdX is the desired target device, first make sure you un-mount all mounted partitions of the target device. For example sdX1 and sdX2:


  umount  /dev/sdX1  /dev/sdX2
  umount  /dev/sdX1  /dev/sdX2




For <code>dd</code>'s out-file (<code>of=</code>), however, do '''not''' specify a partition number. For example, write to sdX and not sdX1:
For <code>dd</code>'s output-file (<code>of=</code>), however, do '''not''' specify a partition number. For example, write to sdX, '''not''' sdX1:


Warning: '''This will overwrite the target device /dev/sdX''', so before executing, make sure to really have a backup of the data if still need.
Warning: '''This will overwrite the target device /dev/sdX''', so before executing, make sure you have a backup of the data if you can't afford to lose it.


  dd if=~/Downloads/alpine-standard-3.00.0-x86_64.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4M oflag=sync status=progress; eject /dev/sdX
  dd if=~/Downloads/alpine-standard-3.00.0-x86_64.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4M oflag=sync status=progress; eject /dev/sdX
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==== Windows ====
==== Windows ====


There is, for example, the [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus] program. It allows writing bootable USB flash drives under Windows.  
For example, there is the [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus] program. Rufus will enable you to create bootable USB flash drives under Windows.  


Rufus has been tested and works for Alpine Linux 3.12.x with the following settings:
Rufus has been tested and works for Alpine Linux 3.12.x with the following settings:
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===  Verifying the written installation media ===
===  Verifying the written installation media ===


After detaching and re-attaching the device, a bit-wise comparison can verify what has been written to the device (instead of just data buffered in RAM). If the comparison terminates with an end-of-file error on the .iso file side, all the contents from the image has been written (and read again) successfully:
After detaching and re-attaching the device, a bit-wise comparison can verify the data written to the device (instead of just data buffered in RAM). If the comparison terminates with an end-of-file error on the .iso file side, all the contents from the image have been written (and re-read) successfully:


  # cmp ~/Downloads/alpine-standard-3.00.0-x86_64.iso /dev/sdX
  # cmp ~/Downloads/alpine-standard-3.00.0-x86_64.iso /dev/sdX
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Insert the boot media to a proper drive or port of the computer and turn the machine on, or restart it, if already running.
Insert the boot media to a proper drive or port of the computer and turn the machine on, or restart it, if already running.


If the computer does not automatically boot from the desired device, one needs to bring up the boot menu selection for choosing the media to boot from. Depending on the computer the menu may be accessed by quickly (repeatedly) pressing a key when booting starts, or sometimes it is needed to press the button before starting the computer and keep holding it when it boots. Typical keys are:  `F9`-`F12`, sometimes `F7` or `F8`. If these don't bring up the boot menu, it may be necessary to enter the BIOS configuration and adjust the boot settings, for which typical keys are: `Del.` `F1` `F2` `F6` or `Esc.`
If the computer does not automatically boot from the desired device, one needs to bring up the boot menu and choose the media to boot from. Depending on the computer, the menu may be accessed by repeatedly pressing a key quickly when booting starts. Some computers require that you press the button ''before'' starting the computer and hold it down while the computer boots. Typical keys are:  `F9`-`F12`, sometimes `F7` or `F8`. If these don't bring up the boot menu, it may be necessary to enter the BIOS configuration and adjust the boot settings, for which typical keys are: `Del.` `F1` `F2` `F6` or `Esc.`


=== Custom partitioning of the harddisk ===
=== Custom partitioning of the harddisk ===


It is possible to specify configurations for RAID, encryption, LVM, etc., or to do manual partitioning.
It is possible to specify configurations for RAID, encryption, LVM, etc. as well as manual partitioning.


For "diskless" or "data disk" mode installs, manual partitioning may be needed to prepare a partition on the harddisk for committing local backups of the system state with <code>[[Alpine_local_backup|lbu commit]]</code>, for a package cache, or to use it as the /var mount.  
For "diskless" or "data disk" mode installs, manual partitioning may be needed to prepare the harddisk for committing local backups of the system state with <code>[[Alpine_local_backup|lbu commit]]</code>, a package cache, or to use it as the /var mount.  


For a "sys" install, custom partitioning is only needed if the desired scheme differs from overwriting a whole disk, or creating the default /boot, swap and root partitions.
For a "sys" install, custom partitioning is needed only if the desired scheme differs from overwriting an entire disk, or creating the default /boot, swap and root partitions.


See [[Setting_up_disks_manually]] for the alpine options for RAID, encryption, LVM, etc., and manual partitioning.
See [[Setting_up_disks_manually]] for the alpine options for RAID, encryption, LVM, etc. and manual partitioning.


=== Questions asked by <code>setup-alpine</code> ===
=== Questions asked by <code>setup-alpine</code> ===
[[File:Installation-alpine-alpine-setup-3-setup-scripts.png|350px|thumb|right|Example <code>setup-alpine</code> session]]
[[File:Installation-alpine-alpine-setup-3-setup-scripts.png|350px|thumb|right|Example <code>setup-alpine</code> session]]


The <code>[[setup-alpine]]</code> script offers to configure:
The <code>[[setup-alpine]]</code> script offers the following configuration options:


* '''Keyboard Layout''' (Local keyboard language and usage mode, e.g. ''us'' and variant of ''us-nodeadkeys''.)
* '''Keyboard Layout''' (Local keyboard language and usage mode, e.g. ''us'' and variant of ''us-nodeadkeys''.)
* '''Hostname''' (The name for the computer.)
* '''Hostname''' (The name for the computer.)
* '''Network''' (For example, automatic IP address discovery with the "DHCP" protocol.)
* '''Network''' (For example, automatic IP address discovery with the "DHCP" protocol.)
* '''DNS Servers''' (Domain name servers to query. For privacy reasons it is NOT recommended to route every local request to servers like google's <s>8.8.8.8</s> .)
* '''DNS Servers''' (Domain Name Servers to query. For privacy reasons it is NOT recommended to route every local request to servers like google's <s>8.8.8.8</s> .)
* '''Timezone'''
* '''Timezone'''
* '''Proxy''' (Proxy server to use for accessing the web. Use "none" for direct connections to the internet.)
* '''Proxy''' (Proxy server to use for accessing the web. Use "none" for direct connections to the internet.)
* '''Mirror''' (From where to download packages. Choose the organization to trust giving your usage patterns.)
* '''Mirror''' (From where to download packages. Choose the organization you trust giving your usage patterns to.)
* '''SSH''' (Remote login server. The "openssh" is part of the default install images. Use "none" to disable remote logins, e.g. on laptops.)
* '''SSH''' (Secure SHell remote access server. "Openssh" is part of the default install image. Use "none" to disable remote login, e.g. on laptops.)
* '''NTP''' (Client package to use for keeping the system clock in sync. Package "chrony" is part of the default install images.)
* '''NTP''' (Network Time Protocol client used for keeping the system clock in sync with a time server. Package "chrony" is part of the default install image.)
* '''Disk Mode''' (Select between diskless (disk="none"), "data" or "sys", as described above.)  
* '''Disk Mode''' (Select between diskless (disk="none"), "data" or "sys", as described above.)  
   '''The data on a chosen device will be overwritten!'''
   {{Warning|The data on a chosen device will be overwritten!}}
 


=== Preparing for the first boot ===
=== Preparing for the first boot ===


If <code>setup-alpine</code> has finished configuring the disk mode "sys", then the system should be ready to reboot right away (see next subsection).
If <code>setup-alpine</code> has finished configuring the "sys" disk mode, the system should be ready to reboot right away (see next subsection).


If the new local system was configured to run in "diskless" or "data" mode, and should not keep booting from the initial (and possibly read-only) installation media, then the boot system needs to be copied to another device or partition.
If the new local system was configured to run in "diskless" or "data" mode, and you do not want keep booting from the initial (and possibly read-only) installation media, the boot system needs to be copied to another device or partition.


The target partition may be identified using <code><nowiki>lsblk</nowiki></code> (after installing it with <code>apk add lsblk</code>) and/or <code>blkid</code>, similar to previously identifying the initial installation media device.
The target partition may be identified using <code><nowiki>lsblk</nowiki></code> (after installing it with <code>apk add lsblk</code>) and/or <code>blkid</code>, similar to previously identifying the initial installation media device.
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The procedure to copy the boot system is explained at <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-bootable|setup-bootable]]</code>
The procedure to copy the boot system is explained at <code>[[Alpine_setup_scripts#setup-bootable|setup-bootable]]</code>


Once everything is in place, save the locally customized configurations with <code>lbu commit</code> before rebooting.
Once everything is in place, save your customized configuration with <code>lbu commit</code> before rebooting.


=== Rebooting and testing the new system ===
=== Rebooting and testing the new system ===


First, the initial installation media has to be removed from the boot drive, or detached.
First, remove the initial installation media from the boot drive, or detach it fron the port it's connected to.


Then the system may be power-cycled or rebooted to confirm that everything is working.
The system may now be power-cycled or rebooted to confirm everything is working correctly.


The relevant commands for this are <code>poweroff</code> or <code>reboot</code>.
The relevant commands for this are <code>poweroff</code> or <code>reboot</code>.


=== Completing the installation ===
=== Completing the installation ===


The installation script only installs the base operating system. '''No''' applications such as a web server, mail server, desktop environment, or web browser are installed, and <code>root</code> is the only user.
The installation script installs only the base operating system. '''No''' applications e.g. web server, mail server, desktop environment, or web browser are installed, and <code>root</code> is the only user.


Please look under "Post-Install" below, for some common things to do after installation.
Please look under "Post-Install" below, for some common things to do after installation.


= Further Documentation =
= Additional Documentation =
<br>


{{Note|A [[Post installation|Post Installation]] wiki page has been created and some of this information may be moved there in the future, if you would like to help with this process please go ahead.}}
<br>
=== Installing ===
=== Installing ===


* [[Kernels]] ''(kernel selection, e.g. for VMs or RPi)''
* [[Kernels]] ''(kernel selection, e.g. for VMs or RPi)''
* [[Directly booting an ISO file]] ''(without flashing it to a disk or device)''
* [[Directly booting an ISO file]] ''(without flashing it to a disk or device)''
* [[Installing_Alpine_on_HDD_dualbooting|Dual-/multi-boot install to HDD partition]]
* [[Dualbooting|Dual/multi-boot install to HDD partition]]
* [[Tutorials_and_Howtos#Networking|Setting up Networking]] ''(incl. non-standard configurations)''
* [[Tutorials_and_Howtos#Networking|Setting up Networking]] ''(including non-standard configurations)''
<br>
<br>
* [[How to make a custom ISO image with mkimage]] ''(installation media with own configuration)''
* [[How to make a custom ISO image with mkimage]] ''(installation media with its own configuration)''
 


=== Post-Install ===
=== [[Post installation|Post-Install]] ===


<!-- If you edit post-install, also consider [[Tutorials_and_Howtos#Post-Install]], [[Developer_Documentation#Package_management]] and the Handbook. Here, first there are only most relevant jumping points listed, not exact list duplicates!!!  -->
<!-- If you edit post-install, also consider [[Tutorials_and_Howtos#Post-Install]], [[Developer_Documentation#Package_management]] and the Handbook.
 
Here, only the most relevant jumping off points are listed, not exact list duplicates!!!  -->
 
Language support
* Fix unicode defaults: <code>sed -i s/#unicode="NO"\n\n#/#unicode="NO"\n\nunicode="YES"\n\n#/ /etc/rc.conf</code>
* <code>apk add musl-locales</code> Installs a limited set of locales (languages) for musl (C library) generated console messages.
* Listing defined locales is possible with <code>locales -a</code>
* Copying the default locale <code>cp /etc/profile.d/locale.sh /etc/profile.d/locale.sh.sh</code> and editing the custom settings <code>nano /etc/profile.d/locale.sh.sh</code>.
* <code>apk add lang</code> Pulls in the translation packages of all installed packages.
* <code>apk list hunspell*</code>  To list available hunspell dictionary packages.
* <code>apk list *-xy *-xy-*</code>  To list translation packages for your specific (xy) language (for example, pt for Portuguese).
 
Documentation
* <code>apk add man-pages</code> Installs basic manual pages.
* <code>apk add mandoc</code> A man command to be able to open man pages.
* <code>apk add mandoc-apropos</code> The apropos command to search in man pages.
* <code>apk add docs</code> Pulls in all the *-doc sub-packages of installed packages.




Line 275: Line 272:
* [[Alpine_Linux_package_management#Upgrade_a_Running_System|Upgrading Alpine]] ''(checking for and installing updates)''
* [[Alpine_Linux_package_management#Upgrade_a_Running_System|Upgrading Alpine]] ''(checking for and installing updates)''


=== Further Help and Information ===
=== Additional Help and Information ===


* [[Comparison with other distros]] ''(how common things are done on alpine)''
* [[Comparison with other distros]] ''(how common things are done on Alpine)''
* [[Running glibc programs]] ''(installation and development)''
* [[Running glibc programs]] ''(installation and development)''


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{{Tip| Alpine linux packages stay close to the upstream design. Therefore, all upstream documentation about configuring a software package, as well as good configuration guides from other distributions that stay close to upstream, like e.g. in the [https://wiki.archlinux.org/ Arch Wiki], are to a large degree also well applicable to configure the software on alpine linux, thus can be very useful.}}
{{Tip| Alpine linux packages stay close to the upstream design. Therefore, all upstream documentation about configuring a software package, as well as good configuration guides from other distributions that stay close to upstream, e.g. those in the [https://wiki.archlinux.org/ Arch Wiki], are to a large degree, also applicable to configuring the software on alpine linux, thus can be very useful.}}


= Other Guides =
= Other Guides =


There may still be something useful to find and sort out of some "newbie" install notes in this wiki, but beware that these pages can lack explanations and contain highly opinionated content, redundantly on many convoluted pages.
Please check the: [[[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Category:Installation Installation Category]]] pages.
 
# [[Newbie_Alpine_Ecosystem]]
# [[Alpine newbie install manual]]
# [[Alpine_newbie#Install|Alpine_newbie Install section]]
# [https://mckayemu.github.io/alpineinstalls/ https://mckayemu.github.io/alpineinstalls/ All informatin for Spanish users]


[[Category:Installation]]
[[Category:Installation]]

Revision as of 18:43, 5 January 2022




This page explains the basics to get started. But before actually installing, it can also help to skim through the Frequenty Asked Questions (FAQ).

Tip: This is a wiki!

If something isn't correct (anymore), or still incomplete, you will have to try figuring it out, or ask for the correct solution in the community.

And then carefully edit the wiki page.

Just as those before you did it for you.


Minimal Hardware Requirements

  • At least 100 MB of RAM. [A graphical desktop system may require up to 1 GB minimum.]
  • At least 0-700 MB space on a writable storage device. [Only required in "sys" or "data" mode installations (explained below). It is optional in "diskless" mode, only needed to save newer data and configurations states of a running system.]

For more information please check Requirements

Installation Overview

The general course of action

Note: For single-board-computer (SBC) architectures which can not boot .iso images, see Alpine on ARM for peculiarities.

As usual, the regular installation procedure starts with three basic steps (additional details for all the steps follow below):

  1. Downloading and verifying the proper stable-release ISO installation image-file for the computer's architecture, and the corresponding sha256 (checksum) and GPG (signature) files.
  2. Either burning the ISO image-file onto a blank CD/DVD/Blu-ray disk with disk burning software, or flashing the installation image onto a bootable storage device (USB-device, CF-/MMC-/SD-card, floppy, ...).
  3. Booting the computer from the prepared disk or storage device.

The boot process copies the entire operating system into the RAM memory, then runs it from there, after which, the command line environment does not depend on reading from the (possibly slow) initial boot media.

Log-in is possible as the user root. Initially, the root user has no password.

An interactive script named setup-alpine is available at the command prompt to configure and install the initial Alpine Linux system.

The setup-alpine question-and-answer dialog can configure installations that boot into one of three different Alpinelinux disk modes, "diskless", "data", and "sys". These are explained in more detail in the following subsections. However, a newly installed system may always be configured into a fully usable, standalone, "diskless" live-system by runing setup-alpine and answering "none" when asked for the disk to use, where to store configs, and the location for the package cache.

Once a "diskless" system is configured by running setup-alpine, it's possible to use the apk package manager to install any desired tool that may be missing in the live system to configure available hardware.

Specific hardware configuration may be desired, for example, for available disk drives. e.g. If you need to install a custom partition or filesystem scheme, and if the installation should not use and/or overwrite the entire disk (details below).

After the desired adjustments have been made using the "diskless" system, setup-lbu and setup-apkcache may be run to add persistent configuration and package cache storage to the running "diskless" system. After that, the system state may be saved with lbu commit. Or, setup-disk may be run to add a "data" mode partition, or do a classic full install of the "diskless" system onto a "sys" disk or partition.

More setup-scripts are available to configure other specifics. They may be run separately to set up a system, or to adjust only specific parts later. For example, to set up a graphical environment (covered in Post-Install below).

Diskless Mode

This is the default boot mode of the .iso images. setup-alpine configures this if "disk=none" is selected during installation. It means the entire operating system and all applications are loaded into, then run from, RAM. This is extremely fast and can save on unnecessary disk spin-ups, power, and wear. It is similar to what is called a "frugal" install running with the "toram" option as with some other distros, but without the need to remaster the install media.

Custom configurations and package selections may be preserved across reboots with the Alpine local backup tool lbu. It enables committing and reverting system states using .apkovl files that are saved to writable storage and loaded when booting. If additional or updated packages have been added to the system, these may also be made available for automatic (re)installation during the boot phase, by enabling a local package cache on the writable storage.

[FIXME-1: Storing local configs and the package cache on an internal disk still requires some manual steps to have the partition listed, i.e. making a /etc/fstab entry, mountpoint, and mount, *before* running setup-alpine. And requires manually committing the configuration to disk afterwards.]

To allow for local backups, setup-alpine can be told to store the configs and the package cache on a writable partition. (Later, directories on that same partition or another available partition may also be mounted as /home, or for important applications, e.g. to keep their run-time and user data on it.)

The boot device of the newly configured local "diskless" system may remain the initial (and possibly read-only) installation media. But it is also possible to copy the boot system to a partition (e.g. /dev/sdXY) with setup-bootable.

Data Disk Mode

This mode also runs from system RAM, thus it enjoys the same accelerated operation speed as "diskless" mode. However, swap storage and the entire /var directory tree get mounted from a persistent storage device (two newly created partitions). The directory /var holds e.g. all log files, mailspools, databases, etc., as well as lbu backup commits and the package cache. This mode is useful for having RAM accelerated servers with variable amounts of user-data that exceed the available RAM size. It enables the entire current system state (not just the boot state) to survive a system crash in accordance with the particular filesystem guarantees.

[FIXME-2]: Setup-alpine will create the data partition and mount it as /var, but can not yet configure lbu storage settings automatically. It is currently necessary to select "none" at the 'where to store configs' prompt (the new data partition is not listed) and configure lbu manually. For example, after running setup-alpine and before rebooting:

  1. Set LBU_MEDIA=sdXY in /etc/lbu/lbu.conf
  2. Execute a corresponding echo "/dev/sdXY /media/sdXY <fstype> rw 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
  3. Save the configuration for the next boot with lbu commit.

In data disk mode, the boot device may also remain the initial (and possibly read-only) installation media, or be copied to a partition (e.g. /dev/sdXY) with setup-bootable.

System Disk Mode

This is a traditional hard-disk install.

If this mode is selected, the setup-alpine script creates three partitions on the selected storage device, /boot, swap and / (the filesystem root). This mode may, for example, be used for generic desktop and development machines.

For custom partitioning, see Setting_up_disks_manually.

To install along side another operating systems, see Installing_Alpine_on_HDD_dualbooting.

Additional Details

This material needs expanding ...

This "Additional Details" section needs to be consolidated with the work at https://docs.alpinelinux.org (not finished) (Restructuring things there, moving and linking from here or there?).


Verifying the downloaded image-file

Commands to verify the checksum and GPG signature of a downloaded image-file on different systems.
OS type SHA256 check SHA256 calculation (to be compared manually) GPG signature verification
Linux sha256sum -c alpine-*.iso.sha256 curl https://alpinelinux.org/keys/ncopa.asc | gpg --import ;

gpg --verify alpine-<version>.iso.asc alpine-<version>.iso

MACOS - ? - shasum -a 256 alpine-*.iso - ? -
OpenBSD sha256 -C alpine-*.sha256 alpine-*.iso doas pkg_add gnupg;

ftp -o - https://alpinelinux.org/keys/ncopa.asc | gpg --import ; gpg --verify alpine-<version>.iso.asc alpine-<version>.iso

FreeBSD - ? - /usr/local/bin/shasum -a 256 alpine-*.iso - ? -
NetBSD - ? - /usr/local/bin/shasum -a 256 alpine-*.iso - ? -
Windows (PowerShell installed) - ? - Get-FileHash .\alpine-<image-version>.iso -Algorithm SHA256 - ? -

Flashing (direct data writing) the installation image-file onto a device or media

Unix/Linux

Under Unix (and thus Linux), "everything is a file" and the data in the image-file can be written to a device or media with the dd command. Afterward, executing the eject command removes the target device from the system and ensures the write cache is completely flushed.

dd if=<iso-file-to-read-in> of=<target-device-node-to-write-out-to> bs=4M oflag=sync status=progress; eject <target-device-node-to-write-to>

Be careful to correctly identify the target device as any data on it will be lost! All connected "bulk storage devices" can be listed with lsblk and blkid.

# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
sdX               0:0    0  64,0G  0 disk  
├─sdX1            0:1    0     2G  0 part  
└─sdX2            0:2    0    30G  0 part  /mnt/sdX2

# blkid
/dev/sdX1: LABEL="some" UUID="..." TYPE="vfat"
/dev/sdX2: LABEL="other" UUID="..." TYPE="ext4"

For example, if /dev/sdX is the desired target device, first make sure you un-mount all mounted partitions of the target device. For example sdX1 and sdX2:

umount  /dev/sdX1  /dev/sdX2


For dd's output-file (of=), however, do not specify a partition number. For example, write to sdX, not sdX1:

Warning: This will overwrite the target device /dev/sdX, so before executing, make sure you have a backup of the data if you can't afford to lose it.

dd if=~/Downloads/alpine-standard-3.00.0-x86_64.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4M oflag=sync status=progress; eject /dev/sdX

Windows

For example, there is the Rufus program. Rufus will enable you to create bootable USB flash drives under Windows.

Rufus has been tested and works for Alpine Linux 3.12.x with the following settings:

  • Partition scheme: MBR
  • Target system: BIOS or UEFI
  • File system: FAT32
  • Cluster size: 4096 bytes (default)

Verifying the written installation media

After detaching and re-attaching the device, a bit-wise comparison can verify the data written to the device (instead of just data buffered in RAM). If the comparison terminates with an end-of-file error on the .iso file side, all the contents from the image have been written (and re-read) successfully:

# cmp ~/Downloads/alpine-standard-3.00.0-x86_64.iso /dev/sdX
cmp: EOF on alpine-standard-3.00.0-x86_64.iso

Booting from external devices

Insert the boot media to a proper drive or port of the computer and turn the machine on, or restart it, if already running.

If the computer does not automatically boot from the desired device, one needs to bring up the boot menu and choose the media to boot from. Depending on the computer, the menu may be accessed by repeatedly pressing a key quickly when booting starts. Some computers require that you press the button before starting the computer and hold it down while the computer boots. Typical keys are: `F9`-`F12`, sometimes `F7` or `F8`. If these don't bring up the boot menu, it may be necessary to enter the BIOS configuration and adjust the boot settings, for which typical keys are: `Del.` `F1` `F2` `F6` or `Esc.`

Custom partitioning of the harddisk

It is possible to specify configurations for RAID, encryption, LVM, etc. as well as manual partitioning.

For "diskless" or "data disk" mode installs, manual partitioning may be needed to prepare the harddisk for committing local backups of the system state with lbu commit, a package cache, or to use it as the /var mount.

For a "sys" install, custom partitioning is needed only if the desired scheme differs from overwriting an entire disk, or creating the default /boot, swap and root partitions.

See Setting_up_disks_manually for the alpine options for RAID, encryption, LVM, etc. and manual partitioning.

Questions asked by setup-alpine

Example setup-alpine session

The setup-alpine script offers the following configuration options:

  • Keyboard Layout (Local keyboard language and usage mode, e.g. us and variant of us-nodeadkeys.)
  • Hostname (The name for the computer.)
  • Network (For example, automatic IP address discovery with the "DHCP" protocol.)
  • DNS Servers (Domain Name Servers to query. For privacy reasons it is NOT recommended to route every local request to servers like google's 8.8.8.8 .)
  • Timezone
  • Proxy (Proxy server to use for accessing the web. Use "none" for direct connections to the internet.)
  • Mirror (From where to download packages. Choose the organization you trust giving your usage patterns to.)
  • SSH (Secure SHell remote access server. "Openssh" is part of the default install image. Use "none" to disable remote login, e.g. on laptops.)
  • NTP (Network Time Protocol client used for keeping the system clock in sync with a time server. Package "chrony" is part of the default install image.)
  • Disk Mode (Select between diskless (disk="none"), "data" or "sys", as described above.)
Warning: The data on a chosen device will be overwritten!


Preparing for the first boot

If setup-alpine has finished configuring the "sys" disk mode, the system should be ready to reboot right away (see next subsection).

If the new local system was configured to run in "diskless" or "data" mode, and you do not want keep booting from the initial (and possibly read-only) installation media, the boot system needs to be copied to another device or partition.

The target partition may be identified using lsblk (after installing it with apk add lsblk) and/or blkid, similar to previously identifying the initial installation media device.

The procedure to copy the boot system is explained at setup-bootable

Once everything is in place, save your customized configuration with lbu commit before rebooting.

Rebooting and testing the new system

First, remove the initial installation media from the boot drive, or detach it fron the port it's connected to.

The system may now be power-cycled or rebooted to confirm everything is working correctly.

The relevant commands for this are poweroff or reboot.

Completing the installation

The installation script installs only the base operating system. No applications e.g. web server, mail server, desktop environment, or web browser are installed, and root is the only user.

Please look under "Post-Install" below, for some common things to do after installation.

Additional Documentation


Note: A Post Installation wiki page has been created and some of this information may be moved there in the future, if you would like to help with this process please go ahead.


Installing


Post-Install







Additional Help and Information



Tip: Alpine linux packages stay close to the upstream design. Therefore, all upstream documentation about configuring a software package, as well as good configuration guides from other distributions that stay close to upstream, e.g. those in the Arch Wiki, are to a large degree, also applicable to configuring the software on alpine linux, thus can be very useful.

Other Guides

Please check the: [[Installation Category]] pages.