Linux Router with VPN on a Raspberry Pi

2015-12-08T16:29:21Z

Kraileth: Fix little typo

[[Category:Networking]]
= Rationale =

This guide demonstrates how to set up a Linux router with a VPN tunnel. You will need a second ethernet adapter. If you are using a Raspberry Pi like I did, then you can use something like this [http://store.apple.com/us/product/MC704LL/A/apple-usb-ethernet-adapter Apple USB Ethernet Adapter] as it contains a ASIX AX88772 which has good Linux support.

You may choose to also buy an [http://www.element14.com/community/docs/DOC-68907/l/shim-rtc-realtime-clock-accessory-board-for-raspberry-pi RTC clock]. If you don't have an RTC clock, the time is lost when your Pi is shut down. When it is rebooted, the time will be set back to Thursday, 1 January 1970. As this is earlier than the creation time of your VPN certificates OpenVPN will refuse to start, which may mean you cannot do DNS lookups over VPN.

For wireless, a separate access point was purchased ([http://wiki.openwrt.org/toh/ubiquiti/unifi Ubiquiti UniFi AP]) because it contains a Atheros AR9287 which is supported by [https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/users/drivers/ath9k ath9k].

I only chose a Raspberry Pi due to the fact it was inexpensive. My WAN link is pathetic so I was not concerned with getting high PPS ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughput Packets Per Second]). You could choose to use an old x86/amd64 system instead. If I had better internet I'd probably go with an offering from [https://soekris.com Soekris] such as the [https://soekris.com/products/net6501-1.html net6501] as it would have a much lower power consumption than a generic x86_64 desktop processor.

If you want to route speeds above 100 Mbit/s you'll want to make use of hardware encryption like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_instruction_set AES-NI]. The [https://soekris.com Soekris] offerings have the option of an additional hardware encryption module ([https://soekris.com/products/vpn-1411.html vpn1411]). Another option is to use a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-ITX Mini ITX motherboard], with a managed switch. I chose the [https://www.ubnt.com/edgemax/edgeswitch Ubiquiti ES-16-150W].

The network in this tutorial looks like this:

[[File:Network diagram ipv4 basic.svg|900px|center|Network Diagram Single IPv4]]

= Installation =
This guide assumes you're using Alpine Linux from a micro SD card in ramdisk mode. It assumes you've read the basics of how to use [[Alpine local backup]]. The [[Raspberry Pi]] article contains information on how to install Alpine Linux on a Raspberry Pi.

= Modem in full bridge mode =
This particular page uses an example where you have a modem that uses PPPoE. You will need to modify parts which do not apply to you.

In this example I have a modem which has been configured in full bridge mode. PPP sessions are initiated on the router.

The modem I am using is a [http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/routers/877-integrated-services-router-isr/index.html Cisco 877 Integrated Services Router]. It has no web interface and is controlled over SSH. More information can be found [[Configuring a Cisco 877 in full bridge mode]].

= Configuring PPP =
Next up we need to configure our router to be able to dial a PPP connection with our modem.

{{cmd|apk add ppp-pppoe}}

Check that the interface between your router and modem is eth1, or change it. Enter your credentials at the bottom of the file or use /etc/ppp/chap-secrets

== /etc/ppp/peers/yourISP ==
<pre>#
# PPP Configuration file
#

nolog

# Try to get the IP address from the ISP
noipdefault

# Try to get the name server addresses from the ISP
usepeerdns

# Use this connection as the default route.
defaultroute
defaultroute-metric 300

# detatch after ppp0 interface is created
updetach

# Replace previous default route
# This requires a special patch to ppp
# https://sources.debian.net/src/ppp/2.4.7-1%2B1~exp1/debian/patches/cifdefroute.dif/
# replacedefaultroute

# rp-pppoe plug-in makes PPPoE connection so rp-pppoe package is not needed
# Possibly, you may need to change interface according your configuration
plugin rp-pppoe.so eth1

# Uncomment if you need on-demand connection
#demand

# Disconnect after 300 seconds (5 minutes) of idle time.
#idle 300

# Hide password from log entries
hide-password

# Send echo requests
lcp-echo-interval 20
lcp-echo-failure 3

# Do not authenticate ISP peer
noauth

# Control connection consistency
persist
maxfail 0

# Control MTU size if your ISP does not force it
#mtu 1492

user "username@yourISP.tld"

# Compression
bsdcomp 15
deflate 15</pre>

== /etc/ppp/chap-secrets ==
Enter in your login credentials

<pre># Secrets for authentication using CHAP
# client server secret IP addresses
"username@yourISP.tld" * "<your password>"</pre>

== /etc/modules ==
Update modules to include pppoe:
<pre>pppoe</pre>

= Network =

== /etc/hostname ==
Set this to your hostname eg:

<pre><HOST_NAME></pre>

== /etc/hosts ==
Set your host and hostname
<pre>127.0.0.1 <HOST_NAME> <HOST_NAME>.<DOMAIN_NAME>

::1 <HOST_NAME> ipv6-gateway ipv6-loopback
ff00::0 ipv6-localnet
ff00::0 ipv6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ipv6-allnodes
ff02::2 ipv6-allrouters
ff02::3 ipv6-allhosts</pre>

== /etc/network/interfaces ==
Configure your network interfaces. Change "yourISP" to the file name of the file in /etc/ppp/peers/yourISP

<pre>#
# Network Interfaces
#

# Loopback interfaces
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
address 127.0.0.1
netmask 255.0.0.0

# Internal Interface - facing LAN
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.1.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 192.168.1.255

# External Interface - facing Modem
allow-hotplug eth1
auto eth1
iface eth1 inet static
address 192.168.0.2
netmask 255.255.255.252
broadcast 192.168.0.3
pre-up /sbin/ip link set eth1 up
up ifup ppp0=yourISP
down ifdown ppp0=yourISP
post-down /sbin/ip link set eth1 up

# Link to ISP
iface yourISP inet ppp
provider yourISP</pre>

== Basic IPtables firewall with routing ==
This demonstrates how to set up basic routing with a permissive outgoing firewall. Incoming packets are blocked. The rest is commented in the rule set.

First install iptables:

{{cmd|apk add iptables ip6tables}}

<pre>#########################################################################
# Basic iptables IPv4 routing rule set
#
# 192.168.1.0/24 routed directly to PPP0 via NAT
#
#########################################################################

#
# Mangle Table
# We leave this empty for the moment.
#
*mangle
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
COMMIT

#
# Filter Table
# This is where we decide to ACCEPT, DROP or REJECT things
#
*filter
:INPUT DROP [0:0]
:FORWARD DROP [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
*filter

# Create rule chain per input interface for forwarding packets
:FWD_ETH0 - [0:0]
:FWD_ETH1 - [0:0]
:FWD_PPP0 - [0:0]

# Create rule chain per input interface for input packets (for host itself)
:IN_ETH0 - [0:0]
:IN_ETH1 - [0:0]
:IN_PPP0 - [0:0]

# Create a log drop chain
:LOG_DROP - [0:0]

# Pass input packet to corresponding rule chain
-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -i eth0 -j IN_ETH0
-A INPUT -i eth1 -j IN_ETH1
-A INPUT -i ppp0 -j IN_PPP0

# Pass forwarded packet to corresponding rule chain
-A FORWARD -i eth0 -j FWD_ETH0
-A FORWARD -i eth1 -j FWD_ETH1
-A FORWARD -i ppp0 -j FWD_PPP0

# Forward LAN traffic out
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Forward SSH packets from network to modem
-A FWD_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.0/30 -d 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Forward HTTP to modem's webserver
-A FWD_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.0/30 -d 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 80 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Forward traffic to ISP
-A FWD_PPP0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# SSH to Router
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# DNS to Router
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 1812 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# FreeRadius Client (eg a UniFi AP)
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 1812 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# NTP to Router
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 123 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Accept traffic
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# SSH To Modem from Router
-A IN_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.0.0/30 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# HTTP to modem
-A IN_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.0.0/30 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 80 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Accept incoming tracked PPP0 connection
-A IN_PPP0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
COMMIT

#
# NAT Table
# This is where translation of packets happens and "forwarding" of ports
# to specific hosts.
#
*nat
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]

# Port forwarding for Bittorrent
-A PREROUTING -i ppp0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 6881:6889 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.20
-A PREROUTING -i ppp0 -p udp -m udp --dport 6881:6889 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.20

# Allows routing to our modem subnet so we can access the web interface or SSH
-A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -d 192.168.0.1/32 -o eth1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j MASQUERADE
-A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -d 192.168.0.1/32 -o eth1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j MASQUERADE

# Allows hosts of the network to use the PPP tunnel
-A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
COMMIT</pre>

I'd also highly suggest reading these resources if you are new to iptables:

* [https://www.frozentux.net/category/linux/iptables Frozen Tux Iptables-tutorial]
* [http://inai.de/links/iptables/ Words of wisdom for #netfilter]
* [http://sfvlug.editthis.info/wiki/Things_You_Should_Know_About_Netfilter Things You Should Know About Netfilter]
* [http://inai.de/documents/Perfect_Ruleset.pdf Towards the perfect ruleset]

== /etc/sysctl.conf ==
These sysctl settings harden a few things and were mostly borrowed from the [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Sysctl#TCP.2FIP_stack_hardening ArchLinux wiki]. This particular config was based on [https://www.lisenet.com/2015/kernel-sysctl-configuration-for-linux Kernel Sysctl Configuration for Linux from lisenet.]

<pre># https://www.lisenet.com/2015/kernel-sysctl-configuration-for-linux/

# Kernel sysctl configuration file for Linux
#
# By: www.lisenet.com
#
# Tested on a Red Hat server with physical memory of 2GB
#
# For binary values, 0 is disabled, 1 is enabled. See sysctl(8) and
# sysctl.conf(5) for more details.
#
# References
# https://www.suse.com/documentation/sles-12/book_hardening/data/sec_sec_prot_general_kernel.html
# https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Sysctl
# https://rtcamp.com/tutorials/linux/sysctl-conf/
# http://seriousbirder.com/blogs/centos-6-setting-shmmax-and-shmall-kernel-paramaters/
# http://kaivanov.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/linux-tcp-tuning.html

# Any process which has changed privilege levels
# or is execute only will not be dumped (default)
fs.suid_dumpable = 0

# File handle limit
fs.file-max = 6577347

########################################
### Memory Tuning ###
########################################

# Use swap file when RAM usage is around 40 percent
vm.swappiness = 60

# Controls the maximum number of shared memory segments, in pages (not bytes)
# It is almost always 4K which is the recommended size
# To be safe, run the following command:
# getconf PAGE_SIZE => 4096
# Allocating 1GB below (1*1024*1024*1024/4096=262144)
kernel.shmall = 262144

# Control the maximum size of a single shared memory segment, in bytes
# Setting to half (1GB) of our physical memory
kernel.shmmax = 1073741824

########################################
### Kernel Hardening ###
########################################

# Reboot a system after 10 seconds of kernel panic
kernel.panic = 10

# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq = 0

# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.
# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1

# Restricting access to kernel logs
kernel.dmesg_restrict = 1

# If you're compiling your own kernel, then
# this can help mitigating local root exploits
kernel.kptr_restrict = 1

# Controls the default maxmimum size of a mesage queue
# kernel.msgmnb = 65536

# Controls the maximum size of a message, in bytes
# kernel.msgmax = 65536

# Enable ExecShield protection
# kernel.exec-shield = 1 ## Disabled, not available with this kernel

# Enable by default, except if the application bits are set to "disable"
kernel.randomize_va_space = 2

# Default
kernel.pid_max = 32768

# Increase the length of the processor input queue
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 5000

# The maximum number of "backlogged sockets". Default
net.core.somaxconn = 128

# Disable netfilter on bridges.
#net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0
#net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0
#net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0

########################################
### TCP/IP Stack Hardening ###
########################################

# Controls IP packet forwarding
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

# Disable fast recycling of TIME_WAIT sockets
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 0

# Do not allow reuse of sockets in TIME_WAIT state for new connections
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 0

# Help prevent against SYN flood attacks
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

# If set to 0, protect against wrapping sequence numbers
# Turning off timestamps may do more harm than good
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_no_metrics_save = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1

# Enable windows scaling
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
# Maximum receive and send window size 16MB
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
# Increase the read-buffer and write-buffer space allocatable
# Autotuning TCP buffer limit 16MB
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65536 16777216

# Do not accept source routing
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

# Disable redirects, not a router
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0

# Enable source validation by reversed path
# Protects from attackers that are using ip spoofing methods to do harm
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 2
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 2

# Log packets with impossible addresses to kernel log
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 0 # Disabled to avoid spam
net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 0 # Disabled to avoid spam

# Ignore all ECHO broadcast requests
# Prevent being part of smurf attacks
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1

# Ignore bogus ICMP errors
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1
# net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_messages = 1 ## Disabled, not available with this kernel

# Allowed local port range
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65535

# The minimum time sockets will stay in TIME_WAIT state
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 60

# protect against tcp time-wait assassination hazards
# drop RST packets for sockets in the time-wait state
# (not widely supported outside of linux, but conforms to RFC)
net.ipv4.tcp_rfc1337 = 1

########################################
### IPv6 ###
########################################

# Disable IPv6
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1</pre>

= DHCP =
{{cmd|apk add dhcp}}

== /etc/conf.d/dhcpd ==
Specify the configuration file location, interface to run on and that you want DHCPD to run in IPv4 mode.

<pre># /etc/conf.d/dhcpd: config file for /etc/init.d/dhcpd

# If you require more than one instance of dhcpd you can create symbolic
# links to dhcpd service like so
# cd /etc/init.d
# ln -s dhcpd dhcpd.foo
# cd ../conf.d
# cp dhcpd dhcpd.foo
# Now you can edit dhcpd.foo and specify a different configuration file.
# You'll also need to specify a pidfile in that dhcpd.conf file.
# See the pid-file-name option in the dhcpd.conf man page for details.

# If you wish to run dhcpd in a chroot, uncomment the following line
# DHCPD_CHROOT="/var/lib/dhcp/chroot"

# All file paths below are relative to the chroot.
# You can specify a different chroot directory but MAKE SURE it's empty.

# Specify a configuration file - the default is /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
DHCPD_CONF="/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf"

# Configure which interface or interfaces to for dhcpd to listen on.
# List all interfaces space separated. If this is not specified then
# we listen on all interfaces.
DHCPD_IFACE="eth0"

# Insert any other dhcpd options - see the man page for a full list.
DHCPD_OPTS="-4"</pre>

== /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf ==
Configure your DHCP configuration server. For my DHCP server I'm going to have three subnets. Each has a specific purpose. You may choose to have any number of subnets like below. The broadcast-address would be different if you used VLANs. However in this case we are not.

<pre>authoritative;
ddns-update-style interim;

shared-network home {
subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.240;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255;
option routers 192.168.1.1;
option ntp-servers 192.168.1.1;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1;
allow unknown-clients;
}

subnet 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.2.10 192.168.2.240;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
option broadcast-address 192.168.2.255;
option routers 192.168.2.1;
option ntp-servers 192.168.2.1;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1;
ignore unknown-clients;
}

subnet 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.3.10 192.168.3.240;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
option broadcast-address 192.168.3.255;
option routers 192.168.3.1;
option ntp-servers 192.168.3.1;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1;
ignore unknown-clients;
}
}

host Gaming_Computer {
hardware ethernet 00:53:00:FF:FF:11;
fixed-address 192.168.1.20;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255;
option routers 192.168.1.1;
option host-name "gaming_computer";
}

host Linux_Workstation {
hardware ethernet 00:53:00:FF:FF:22;
fixed-address 192.168.2.21;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
option broadcast-address 192.168.2.255;
option routers 192.168.2.1;
option host-name "linux_workstation";
}

host printer {
hardware ethernet 00:53:00:FF:FF:33;
fixed-address 192.168.3.9;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
option broadcast-address 192.168.3.255;
option routers 192.168.3.1;
}</pre>

Make sure to add this to the default run level once configured:
{{cmd|rc-update add dhcpd default}}

= Synchronizing the clock =

You can choose to use BusyBox's ntpd or you can choose a more fully fledged option like [http://www.openntpd.org OpenNTPD]

== Busybox /etc/conf.d/ntpd ==
Allow clients to synchronize their clocks with the router.

<pre># By default ntpd runs as a client. Add -l to run as a server on port 123.
NTPD_OPTS="-l -N -p <REMOTE TIME SERVER>"</pre>

Make sure to add this to the default run level once configured:
{{cmd|rc-update add ntpd default}}

Or if you prefer to synchronize with multiple servers...

== OpenNTPD /etc/ntpd.conf ==

Install OpenNTPD
{{cmd|apk add openntpd}}

Add to default run level.
{{cmd|rc-update add openntpd default}}

=== /etc/ntpd.conf ===
<pre># sample ntpd configuration file, see ntpd.conf(5)

# Addresses to listen on (ntpd does not listen by default)
listen on 192.168.1.1
listen on 192.168.2.1

# sync to a single server
#server ntp.example.org

# use a random selection of NTP Pool Time Servers
# see http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Servers/NTPPoolServers
server 0.pool.ntp.org
server 1.pool.ntp.org
server 2.pool.ntp.org
server 3.pool.ntp.org</pre>

== tlsdate ==
The time can also be extracted from a https handshake. If the certificate is self-signed you will need to use skip-verification:

{{cmd|apk add tlsdate}}
{{cmd|tlsdate -V --skip-verification -p 80 -H example.com}}

== timezone ==
You might also want to set a timezone, see [[Setting the timezone]].

= Saving Time =
There are two ways to do this. If you didn't buy an RTC clock see [[Saving time with Software Clock]]. If you did like the PiFace Real Time Clock see [[Saving time with Hardware Clock]]

= Unbound DNS forwarder with dnscrypt =
We want to be able to do our lookups using [http://dnscrypt.org dnscrypt] without installing dnscrypt on every client on the network. Therefore the router will also run a DNS forwarder and request unknown domains over dnscrypt for our clients.

== Unbound ==
First install {{cmd|apk add unbound}}

=== /etc/unbound/unbound.conf ===
<pre># unbound.conf(5) man page.
#
# See /usr/share/doc/unbound/examples/unbound.conf for a commented
# reference config file.

server:
# The following line will configure unbound to perform cryptographic
# DNSSEC validation using the root trust anchor.
# auto-trust-anchor-file: "/var/lib/unbound/root.key"
server:
verbosity: 1
num-threads: 4
interface: 192.168.1.1
do-ip4: yes
do-udp: yes
do-tcp: yes
access-control: 192.168.1.0/24 allow # Specify the subnets you want to listen on
access-control: 192.168.2.0/24 allow
do-not-query-localhost: no
chroot: ""
logfile: "/var/log/unbound.log"
use-syslog: no
hide-identity: yes
hide-version: yes
harden-glue: yes
harden-dnssec-stripped: yes
use-caps-for-id: yes
private-domain: "<HOSTNAME>"
#local-zone: "localhost." static
#local-data: "freebox.localhost. IN A 192.168.0.254"
#local-data-ptr: "192.168.0.254 freebox.localhost"
python:
remote-control:
forward-zone:
name: "."
forward-addr: 127.0.0.2@53</pre>

=== /etc/network/interfaces ===
You'll need a second loopback device, put it under the already existing one.

<pre># Loopback interfaces
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
address 127.0.0.1
netmask 255.0.0.0

auto lo:1
iface lo:1 inet static
address 127.0.0.2
netmask 255.0.0.0</pre>

== Blocking nasties on the network by domain ==
It seems Microsoft has added a whole bunch of telemetry (spyware) analytics to Windows itself, whereby the OS now calls home with various information regarding it's usage. Back porting to previous versions of Windows is not an option, because the telemetry patches have also been back ported to 7/8.1.

Changing the knobs in Windows to stop this activity doesn't silence it completely, and they can always be reset with another update from Microsoft. It is however unlikely they will change the domains that are looked up. More information about that can be found [https://www.privacytools.io/#win10 here]. You should also consider ditching Windows entirely and using a proper operating system that does not contain intrusive malware [https://www.privacytools.io/#os here are a few choices to consider].

As this is a network router, it might be prudent to block those domains.

This script takes in a list of domains and produces a filter file. We are directing all lookups to "0.0.0.1" which is an invalid IP and should fail immediately, unlike localhost. There are lists of the addresses in various places such as [https://www.reddit.com/r/privacy/comments/3htei2/stop_windows_10_from_phoning_home_by_blocking/cuafuvg here] and in this [https://github.com/10se1ucgo/DisableWinTracking/blob/master/run.py#L188 script].

You could also use this to block advertising, but that's probably easier to do in a web browser with something like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBlock UBlock/UBlock Origin].

=== /etc/unbound/unbound.conf ===
In your main unbound configuration add
<pre>include: /etc/unbound/filter.conf</pre>

=== Script to prepare/sort domains for Unbound ===
<pre>#!/bin/sh

##################################################
# Script taken from http://npr.me.uk/unbound.html
# Note you need GNU sed
##################################################

# Remove "#" comments
# Remove space and tab
# Remove blank lines
# Remove localhost and broadcasthost lines
# Keep just the hosts
# Remove leading and trailing space and tab (again)
# Make everything lower case

sed -e "s/#.*//" \
-e "s/[ \x09]*$//"\
-e "/^$/ d" \
-e "/^.*local.*/ d" \
-e "/^.*broadcasthost.*/ d" \
-e "s/$^.*$ $[a-zA-Z0-9\.\-]*$/\2/" \
-e "s/^[ \x09]*//;s/[ \x09]*$//" $1 \
-e "s/$.*$/\L\1/" hosts.txt > temp1.txt

# Remove any duplicate hosts

sort temp1.txt | uniq >temp2.txt

# Remove any hosts starting with "."
# Create the two required lines for each host.

sed -e "/^\..*/ d" \
-e "s/$^.*$/local-zone: \x22\1\x22 redirect\nlocal-data: \x22\1 A 0.0.0.1\x22/" \
temp2.txt > filter.conf

# Clean up
rm temp1.txt
rm temp2.txt</pre>

== /etc/unbound/filter.conf ==
<pre>local-zone: "a-0001.a-msedge.net" redirect
local-data: "a-0001.a-msedge.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a-0002.a-msedge.net" redirect
local-data: "a-0002.a-msedge.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a-0003.a-msedge.net" redirect
local-data: "a-0003.a-msedge.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a-0004.a-msedge.net" redirect
local-data: "a-0004.a-msedge.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a-0005.a-msedge.net" redirect
local-data: "a-0005.a-msedge.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a-0006.a-msedge.net" redirect
local-data: "a-0006.a-msedge.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a-0007.a-msedge.net" redirect
local-data: "a-0007.a-msedge.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a-0008.a-msedge.net" redirect
local-data: "a-0008.a-msedge.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a-0009.a-msedge.net" redirect
local-data: "a-0009.a-msedge.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a-msedge.net" redirect
local-data: "a-msedge.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a.ads1.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "a.ads1.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a.ads2.msads.net" redirect
local-data: "a.ads2.msads.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a.ads2.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "a.ads2.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "a.rad.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "a.rad.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "ac3.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "ac3.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "ad.doubleclick.net" redirect
local-data: "ad.doubleclick.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "adnexus.net" redirect
local-data: "adnexus.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "adnxs.com" redirect
local-data: "adnxs.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "ads.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "ads.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "ads1.msads.net" redirect
local-data: "ads1.msads.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "ads1.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "ads1.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "aidps.atdmt.com" redirect
local-data: "aidps.atdmt.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "aka-cdn-ns.adtech.de" redirect
local-data: "aka-cdn-ns.adtech.de A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "apps.skype.com" redirect
local-data: "apps.skype.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "az361816.vo.msecnd.net" redirect
local-data: "az361816.vo.msecnd.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "az512334.vo.msecnd.net" redirect
local-data: "az512334.vo.msecnd.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "b.ads1.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "b.ads1.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "b.ads2.msads.net" redirect
local-data: "b.ads2.msads.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "b.rad.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "b.rad.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "bs.serving-sys.com" redirect
local-data: "bs.serving-sys.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "c.atdmt.com" redirect
local-data: "c.atdmt.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "c.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "c.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "cdn.atdmt.com" redirect
local-data: "cdn.atdmt.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "cds26.ams9.msecn.net" redirect
local-data: "cds26.ams9.msecn.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "choice.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "choice.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "choice.microsoft.com.nsatc.net" redirect
local-data: "choice.microsoft.com.nsatc.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "compatexchange.cloudapp.net" redirect
local-data: "compatexchange.cloudapp.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "corp.sts.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "corp.sts.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "corpext.msitadfs.glbdns2.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "corpext.msitadfs.glbdns2.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "cs1.wpc.v0cdn.net" redirect
local-data: "cs1.wpc.v0cdn.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "db3aqu.atdmt.com" redirect
local-data: "db3aqu.atdmt.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "df.telemetry.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "df.telemetry.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "diagnostics.support.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "diagnostics.support.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "ec.atdmt.com" redirect
local-data: "ec.atdmt.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "fe2.update.microsoft.com.akadns.net" redirect
local-data: "fe2.update.microsoft.com.akadns.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "feedback.microsoft-hohm.com" redirect
local-data: "feedback.microsoft-hohm.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "feedback.search.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "feedback.search.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "feedback.windows.com" redirect
local-data: "feedback.windows.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "flex.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "flex.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "g.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "g.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "h1.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "h1.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "h2.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "h2.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "i1.services.social.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "i1.services.social.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "i1.services.social.microsoft.com.nsatc.net" redirect
local-data: "i1.services.social.microsoft.com.nsatc.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "lb1.www.ms.akadns.net" redirect
local-data: "lb1.www.ms.akadns.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "live.rads.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "live.rads.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "m.adnxs.com" redirect
local-data: "m.adnxs.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "m.hotmail.com" redirect
local-data: "m.hotmail.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "msedge.net" redirect
local-data: "msedge.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "msftncsi.com" redirect
local-data: "msftncsi.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "msnbot-65-55-108-23.search.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "msnbot-65-55-108-23.search.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "msntest.serving-sys.com" redirect
local-data: "msntest.serving-sys.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "oca.telemetry.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "oca.telemetry.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "oca.telemetry.microsoft.com.nsatc.net" redirect
local-data: "oca.telemetry.microsoft.com.nsatc.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "pre.footprintpredict.com" redirect
local-data: "pre.footprintpredict.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "preview.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "preview.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "pricelist.skype.com" redirect
local-data: "pricelist.skype.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "rad.live.com" redirect
local-data: "rad.live.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "rad.msn.com" redirect
local-data: "rad.msn.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "redir.metaservices.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "redir.metaservices.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "reports.wes.df.telemetry.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "reports.wes.df.telemetry.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "s.gateway.messenger.live.com" redirect
local-data: "s.gateway.messenger.live.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "s0.2mdn.net" redirect
local-data: "s0.2mdn.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "schemas.microsoft.akadns.net" redirect
local-data: "schemas.microsoft.akadns.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "secure.adnxs.com" redirect
local-data: "secure.adnxs.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "secure.flashtalking.com" redirect
local-data: "secure.flashtalking.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "services.wes.df.telemetry.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "services.wes.df.telemetry.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "settings-sandbox.data.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "settings-sandbox.data.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "settings-win.data.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "settings-win.data.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "sls.update.microsoft.com.akadns.net" redirect
local-data: "sls.update.microsoft.com.akadns.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "so.2mdn.net" redirect
local-data: "so.2mdn.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "sqm.df.telemetry.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "sqm.df.telemetry.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "sqm.telemetry.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "sqm.telemetry.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "sqm.telemetry.microsoft.com.nsatc.net" redirect
local-data: "sqm.telemetry.microsoft.com.nsatc.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "static.2mdn.net" redirect
local-data: "static.2mdn.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "statsfe1.ws.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "statsfe1.ws.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "statsfe2.update.microsoft.com.akadns.net" redirect
local-data: "statsfe2.update.microsoft.com.akadns.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "statsfe2.ws.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "statsfe2.ws.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "survey.watson.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "survey.watson.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "telecommand.telemetry.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "telecommand.telemetry.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "telecommand.telemetry.microsoft.com.nsatc.net" redirect
local-data: "telecommand.telemetry.microsoft.com.nsatc.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "telemetry.appex.bing.net" redirect
local-data: "telemetry.appex.bing.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "telemetry.appex.bing.net:443" redirect
local-data: "telemetry.appex.bing.net:443 A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "telemetry.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "telemetry.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "telemetry.urs.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "telemetry.urs.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "ui.skype.com" redirect
local-data: "ui.skype.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "view.atdmt.com" redirect
local-data: "view.atdmt.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "vortex-bn2.metron.live.com.nsatc.net" redirect
local-data: "vortex-bn2.metron.live.com.nsatc.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "vortex-cy2.metron.live.com.nsatc.net" redirect
local-data: "vortex-cy2.metron.live.com.nsatc.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "vortex-sandbox.data.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "vortex-sandbox.data.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "vortex-win.data.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "vortex-win.data.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "vortex.data.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "vortex.data.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "watson.live.com" redirect
local-data: "watson.live.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "watson.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "watson.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "watson.ppe.telemetry.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "watson.ppe.telemetry.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "watson.telemetry.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "watson.telemetry.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "watson.telemetry.microsoft.com.nsatc.net" redirect
local-data: "watson.telemetry.microsoft.com.nsatc.net A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "wes.df.telemetry.microsoft.com" redirect
local-data: "wes.df.telemetry.microsoft.com A 0.0.0.1"
local-zone: "www.msftncsi.com" redirect
local-data: "www.msftncsi.com A 0.0.0.1"</pre>

== DNSCrypt ==
You'll need to pin the testing repository. See: [[Alpine Linux package management#Repository pinning]]

Then install:

{{cmd|apk add dnscrypt-proxy@testing}}

=== /etc/conf.d/dnscrypt-proxy ===
Enter a dnscrypt server, it should look something like this:

<pre># DNSCRYPT_LOGFILE=/var/log/dnscrypt-proxy/dnscrypt-proxy.log

# override listen address where DNSCRYPT listen
DNSCRYPT_LOCALIP=127.0.0.2:53

RESOLVER=208.67.220.220:443
PROVIDER=2.dnscrypt-cert.opendns.com
PUBKEY=B735:1140:206F:225D:3E2B:D822:D7FD:691E:A1C3:3CC8:D666:8D0C:BE04:BFAB:CA43:FB79</pre>

Finally add both to the default run level
{{cmd|rc-update add unbound default}}
{{cmd|rc-update add dnscrypt-proxy default}}

= Random number generation =
There are two ways to assist with random number generation [[Entropy and randomness]]. This can be particularly useful if you're generating your own Diffie-Hellman nonce file, used in the [[FreeRadius EAP-TLS configuration]] section. Or for that matter any process which requires lots of random number generation such as generating certificates or public private keys.

== Haveged ==
[http://www.issihosts.com/haveged Haveged] is a great way to improve random number generation speed. It uses the unpredictable random number generator based upon an adaptation of the [http://www.irisa.fr/caps/projects/hipsor/ HAVEGE] algorithm.

Install haveged:
{{cmd|apk add haveged}}

Start haveged service:
{{cmd|service haveged start}}

Add service to boot
{{cmd|rc-update add haveged default}}

Start rngd service:
{{cmd|service haveged start}}

Add service to boot:
{{cmd|rc-update add haveged default}}

== rng-tools with bcm2708-rng ==
All Raspberry Pis come with the bcm2708-rng random number generator on board. If you are doing this project on a Raspberry Pi then you may choose to use this also.

Add the kernel module to /etc/modules:
{{cmd|echo "bcm2708-rng" > /etc/modules}}

Insert module:
{{cmd|modprobe bcm2708-rng}}

Install rng-tools:
{{cmd|apk add rng-tools}}

Set the random device (/dev/random) and rng device (/dev/hwrng):
{{cmd|<nowiki>sed -i 's/RNGD_OPTS="--no-drng=1 --no-tpm=1"/RNGD_OPTS="--no-drng=1 --no-tpm=1 -o \/dev\/random -r \/dev\/hwrng"/g' /etc/conf.d/rngd</nowiki>}}

Start rngd service:
{{cmd|service rngd start}}

Add service to boot:
{{cmd|rc-update add rngd default}}

You can test it with:
{{cmd|<nowiki>cat /dev/hwrng | rngtest -c 1000</nowiki>}}

You should see something like:

<pre>rngtest 5
Copyright (c) 2004 by Henrique de Moraes Holschuh
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

rngtest: starting FIPS tests...
rngtest: bits received from input: 20000032
rngtest: FIPS 140-2 successes: 1000
rngtest: FIPS 140-2 failures: 0
rngtest: FIPS 140-2(2001-10-10) Monobit: 0
rngtest: FIPS 140-2(2001-10-10) Poker: 0
rngtest: FIPS 140-2(2001-10-10) Runs: 0
rngtest: FIPS 140-2(2001-10-10) Long run: 0
rngtest: FIPS 140-2(2001-10-10) Continuous run: 0
rngtest: input channel speed: (min=117.709; avg=808.831; max=3255208.333)Kibits/s
rngtest: FIPS tests speed: (min=17.199; avg=22.207; max=22.653)Mibits/s
rngtest: Program run time: 25178079 microseconds</pre>

It's possible you might have a some failures. That's okay, two runs I did previously had a failure each.

= WiFi 802.1x EAP and FreeRadius =
A more secure way than using pre-shared keys (WPA2) is to use [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Authentication_Protocol#EAP-TLS EAP-TLS] and use separate certificates for each device. See [[FreeRadius EAP-TLS configuration]]

= VPN Tunnel on specific subnet =
As mentioned earlier in this article it might be useful to have a VPN subnet and a non-VPN subnet. Typically gaming consoles or computers might want low-latency connections. For this exercise we use fwmark.

We expand the network to look like this:

[[File:Network diagram ipv4 tunnel.svg|900px|center|Network Diagram with IPv4 tunnel]]

Install the necessary packages:
{{cmd|apk add openvpn iproute2 iputils}}

== /etc/modules ==
You'll want to add the tun module
<pre>tun</pre>

== /etc/iproute2/rt_tables ==
Add the two routing tables to the bottom of rt_tables. It should look something like this:
<pre>#
# reserved values
#
255 local
254 main
253 default
0 unspec
#
# local
#
#1 inr.ruhep
1 ISP
2 VPN</pre>

== /etc/network/interfaces ==
Next up add the virtual interface (really just a IP address to eth0) eth0:2, just under eth0 will do.

<pre># Route to VPN subnet
auto eth0:2
iface eth0:2 inet static
address 192.168.2.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 192.168.2.255
post-up /etc/network/fwmark_rules</pre>

== /etc/sysctl.conf ==
If you want to use fwmark rules you need to change this setting. It causes the router to still do source validation.

<pre>net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 2</pre>

fwmark won't work if you have this set to 1.

== /etc/network/fwmark_rules ==
In this file we want to put the fwmark rules and set the correct priorities.

<pre>#!/bin/sh

# Normal packets to go direct out WAN
/sbin/ip rule add fwmark 1 table ISP prio 100

# Put packets destined into VPN when VPN is up
/sbin/ip rule add fwmark 2 table VPN prio 200

# Prevent packets from being routed out when VPN is down.
# This prevents packets from falling back to the main table
# that has a priority of 32766
/sbin/ip rule add prohibit fwmark 2 prio 300</pre>

== /etc/ppp/ip-up ==
Next up we want to create the routes that should be run when PPP comes online. There are special hooks we can use in ip-up and ip-down to refer to the IP address, [https://ppp.samba.org/pppd.html#sect13 ppp man file - Scripts ] You can also read about them in your man file if you have ppp-doc installed.

<pre>#!/bin/sh
#
# This script is run by pppd when there's a successful ppp connection.
#

# Flush out any old rules that might be there
/sbin/ip route flush table ISP

# Add route to table from subnets on LAN
/sbin/ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0 table ISP
/sbin/ip route add 192.168.2.0/24 dev eth0 table ISP

# Add route from IP given by ISP to the table
/sbin/ip rule add from ${IPREMOTE} table ISP prio 100

# Add a default route
/sbin/ip route add table ISP default via ${IPREMOTE} dev ${IFNAME}</pre>

== /etc/ppp/ip-down ==
<pre>#!/bin/sh
#
# This script is run by pppd after the connection has ended.
#

# Delete the rules when we take the interface down
/sbin/ip rule del from ${IPREMOTE} table ISP prio 100</pre>

== /etc/openvpn/route-up-fwmark.sh ==
OpenVPN needs similar routing scripts and it also has it's own special hooks that allow you to specify particular values. A full list is here [https://openvpn.net/index.php/open-source/documentation/manuals/65-openvpn-20x-manpage.html#lbAS OpenVPN man file - Environmental Variables]

<pre>#!/bin/sh
#
# This script is run by OpenVPN when there's a successful VPN connection.
#

# Flush out any old rules that might be there
/sbin/ip route flush table VPN

# Add route to table from 192.168.2.0/24 subnet on LAN
/sbin/ip route add 192.168.2.0/24 dev eth0 table VPN

# Add route from VPN interface IP to the VPN table
/sbin/ip rule add from ${ifconfig_local} table VPN prio 200

# Add a default route
/sbin/ip route add default via ${ifconfig_local} dev ${dev} table VPN</pre>

== /etc/openvpn/route-pre-down-fwmark.sh ==

<pre>#!/bin/sh
#
# This script is run by OpenVPN after the connection has ended
#

# Delete the rules when we take the interface down
/sbin/ip rule del from ${ifconfig_local} table VPN prio 200</pre>

What I did find was when starting and stopping the OpenVPN service if you used:

{{cmd|service openvpn stop}}

The rules in route-pre-down-fwmark.sh were not executed.

However:

{{cmd|/etc/init.d/openvpn stop}}

seemed to work correctly.

== Advanced IPtables rules that allow us to route into our two routing tables ==
This is an expansion of the previous set of rules. It sets up NAT masquerading for the 192.168.2.0 to go through the VPN using marked packets.

I used these guides to write complete this:

* [http://nerdboys.com/2006/05/05/conning-the-mark-multiwan-connections-using-iptables-mark-connmark-and-iproute2 Conning the Mark: Multiwan connections using IPTables, MARK, CONNMARK and iproute2 ]
* [http://nerdboys.com/2006/05/08/multiwan-connections-addendum Multiwan connections addendum]
* [http://inai.de/images/nf-packet-flow.png Netfilter packet flow]

<pre>#########################################################################
# Advanced routing rule set
# Uses 192.168.1.0 via ISP
# 192.168.2.0 via VPN
#
# Packets to/from 192.168.1.0/24 are marked with 0x1 and routed to ISP
# Packets to/from 192.168.2.0/24 are marked with 0x2 and routed to VPN
#
#########################################################################

#
# NAT Table
# This is where translation of packets happens and "forwarding" of ports
# to specific hosts.
#
*nat

# Set default policies for table
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]

# Port forwarding for Bittorrent
-A PREROUTING -i tun0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 6881:6889 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.2.20
-A PREROUTING -i tun0 -p udp -m udp --dport 6881:6889 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.2.20

# Allows routing to our modem subnet so we can access the web interface
-A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -d 192.168.0.1/32 -o eth1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j MASQUERADE
-A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d 192.168.0.1/32 -o eth1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j MASQUERADE

# Allows hosts of the network to use the VPN tunnel
-A POSTROUTING -o tun0 -j MASQUERADE

# Allows hosts of the network to use the PPP tunnel
-A POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
COMMIT

#
# Filter Table
# This is where we decide to ACCEPT, DROP or REJECT things
#
*filter
:INPUT DROP [0:0]
:FORWARD DROP [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]

# Create rule chain per input interface for forwarding packets
:FWD_ETH0 - [0:0]
:FWD_ETH1 - [0:0]
:FWD_PPP0 - [0:0]
:FWD_TUN0 - [0:0]

# Create rule chain per input interface for input packets (for host itself)
:IN_ETH0 - [0:0]
:IN_ETH1 - [0:0]
:IN_PPP0 - [0:0]
:IN_TUN0 - [0:0]

# Create a log drop chain
:LOG_DROP - [0:0]

# Create a reject chain
:LOG_REJECT - [0:0]

# Pass input packet to corresponding rule chain
-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -i eth0 -j IN_ETH0
-A INPUT -i eth1 -j IN_ETH1
-A INPUT -i ppp0 -j IN_PPP0
-A INPUT -i tun0 -j IN_TUN0

# Track forwarded packets
-A FORWARD -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Pass forwarded packet to corresponding rule chain
-A FORWARD -i eth0 -j FWD_ETH0
-A FORWARD -i eth1 -j FWD_ETH1
-A FORWARD -i ppp0 -j FWD_PPP0
-A FORWARD -i tun0 -j FWD_TUN0

# Forward traffic to ISP
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j ACCEPT

# Forward traffic to VPN
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -j ACCEPT

# Allow excepted server to be FORWARD to ppp0
#-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d <IP_OF_EXCEPTED_SERVER>/32 -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT

# Forward SSH packets from network to modem
-A FWD_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A FWD_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.2.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Forward HTTP packets from network to modem
-A FWD_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 80 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A FWD_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.2.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 80 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Forward Bittorrent Port to workstation
-A FWD_TUN0 -d 192.168.2.20/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 6881:6889 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A FWD_TUN0 -d 192.168.2.20/32 -p udp -m udp --dport 6881:6889 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# SSH to Router
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# DNS to Router
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT

# FreeRadius Client (eg a UniFi AP)
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 1812 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 1812 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Ubiquiti UAP Device Discovery Broadcast
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 10001 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# NTP to Router
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 123 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 123 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Accept traffic to router on both subnets
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Allow excepted server to be INPUT to eth0 from LAN
#-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d <IP_OF_EXCEPTED_SERVER>/32 -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT

# SSH To Modem from Router
-A IN_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.0.0/30 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# HTTP To Modem from Router
-A IN_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.0.0/30 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 80 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Accept incoming tracked PPP0 connection
-A IN_PPP0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Log dropped packets coming in on PPP0
-A IN_PPP0 -j LOG --log-prefix "DROP:INPUT " --log-level 6
-A IN_PPP0 -j LOG_DROP

# Accept incoming tracked TUN0 connection
-A IN_TUN0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Log dropped packets coming in on TUN0
-A IN_TUN0 -j LOG --log-prefix "DROP:INPUT " --log-level 6
-A IN_TUN0 -j LOG_DROP
COMMIT

#
# Mangle Table
# This is the place where our markings happen, whether they be 0x1 or 0x2
#
*mangle

# Set default policies for table
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]

# Restore CONNMARK to the MARK (If one doesn't exist then no mark is set)
-A PREROUTING -j CONNMARK --restore-mark --nfmask 0xffffffff --ctmask 0xffffffff

# If packet MARK is 2, then it means there is already a connection mark and the
# original packet came in on VPN
-A PREROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -m mark --mark 0x2 -j ACCEPT

# Check exception (this is a server which when accessed on a 192.168.2.0/24 address will go out the ISP table) are 0x1
#-A PREROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d <IP_OF_EXCEPTED_SERVER>/32 -m mark --mark 0x1 -j ACCEPT

# Mark packets coming from 192.168.2.0/24 are 0x2
-A PREROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -j MARK --set-xmark 0x2/0xffffffff

# If packet MARK is 1, then it means there is already a connection mark and the
# original packet came in on ISP
-A PREROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m mark --mark 0x1 -j ACCEPT

# Mark packets 192.168.1.0/24 are 0x1
-A PREROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j MARK --set-xmark 0x1/0xffffffff

# Mark exception (this is a server which when accessed on a 192.168.2.0/24 address will go out the ISP table) as 0x1
#-A PREROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d <IP_OF_EXCEPTED_SERVER>/32 -j MARK --set-xmark 0x1/0xffffffff

# Set mark to 0 - This is for the modem. Otherwise it will mark with 0x1 or 0x2
-A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1/32 -j MARK --set-xmark 0x0/0xffffffff

# Save MARK to CONNMARK (remember iproute can't see CONNMARKs)
-A PREROUTING -j CONNMARK --save-mark --nfmask 0xffffffff --ctmask 0xffffffff
COMMIT</pre>

You may want to delete certain rules here that do not apply to you, eg the FreeRadius rules. That is covered later in this article.

== OpenVPN Routing ==
Usually when you connect with OpenVPN the remote VPN server will push routes down to your system. We don't want this as we still want to be able to access the internet without the VPN. We have also created our own routes that we want to use earlier in this guide.

You'll need to add this to the bottom of your OpenVPN configuration file:
<pre># Prevents default gateway from being set on the default routing table
route-noexec

# Allows route-up script to be executed
script-security 2

# Calls custom shell script after connection to add necessary routes
route-up /etc/openvpn/route-up-fwmark.sh
route-pre-down /etc/openvpn/route-pre-down-fwmark.sh</pre>

My VPNs are arranged like this in /etc/openvpn:

OpenVPN configuration file for that server:
<pre>countrycode.serverNumber.openvpn.conf</pre>

OpenVPN certs for that server:
<pre>countrycode.serverNumber.openvpn/countrycode.serverNumber.openvpn.crt
countrycode.serverNumber.openvpn/countrycode.serverNumber.openvpn.key
countrycode.serverNumber.openvpn/myKey.crt
countrycode.serverNumber.openvpn/myKey.key</pre>

So I use this helpful script to automate the process of changing between servers:

<pre>#!/bin/sh

vpn_server_filename=$1

rm /etc/openvpn/openvpn.conf
ln -s $vpn_server_filename /etc/openvpn/openvpn.conf
chown -R openvpn:openvpn /etc/openvpn
chmod -R a=-rwx,u=+rX /etc/openvpn
chmod u=x /etc/openvpn/*.sh*

if grep -Fxq "#CustomStuffHere" openvpn.conf
then
echo "Not adding custom routes, this server has been used previously"
else
echo "Adding custom route rules"
cat <<EOF >> /etc/openvpn/openvpn.conf

#CustomStuffHere
# Prevents default gateway from being set on the default routing table
route-noexec

# Allows route-up script to be executed
script-security 2

# Calls custom shell script after connection to add necessary routes
route-up /etc/openvpn/route-up-fwmark.sh
route-pre-down /etc/openvpn/route-pre-down-fwmark.sh

# Logging of OpenVPN to file
#log /etc/openvpn/openvpn.log
EOF

fi
echo "Remember to set BitTorrent port forward in vcp.ovpn.to control panel"</pre>

That way I can simply change between servers by running:
{{cmd|changevpn.sh countrycode.serverNumber.openvpn}}

and then restart openvpn. I am also reminded to put the port forward through on the VPN control panel so my BitTorrent client is connectable:

{{cmd|service openvpn restart}}

Finally add openvpn to the default run level
{{cmd|rc-update add openvpn default}}

= Creating a LAN only Subnet =
In this section, we'll be creating a LAN only subnet. This subnet will be 192.168.3.0/24. The idea of this subnet is nodes in it cannot have their packets forwarded to the Internet, however they can be accessed via the other LAN subnets 192.168.1.0/24 and 192.168.2.0/24. This approach doesn't use VLANs although that would be recommended if you had a managed switch. The idea of this subnet is for things like WiFi access points, IP Phones which contact a local Asterisk server and of course printers.

At the end of this section we will have something like:

[[File:Network diagram ipv4 tunnel LANONLY ROUTE.svg|900px|center|Network Diagram LAN ONLY Route with IPv4]]

== /etc/iproute2/rt_tables ==
First up we'll add a third routing table:

<pre>3 LAN</pre>

== /etc/network/interfaces ==
Add a an extra virtual interface (really just a IP address to eth0).

<pre># LAN Only
auto eth0:3
iface eth0:3 inet static
address 192.168.3.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 192.168.3.255
post-up /etc/network/route_LAN</pre>

== /etc/network/route_LAN ==
This file will have our route added to it

<pre>#!/bin/sh

# Add routes from ISP to LAN
/sbin/ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0 table LAN

# Add route from VPN to LAN
/sbin/ip route add 192.168.2.0/24 dev eth0 table LAN

# Add route from LAN to it's own table
/sbin/ip route add 192.168.3.0/24 dev eth0 table LAN</pre>

== /etc/ppp/ip-up ==
Append a route from the LAN subnet to the ISP table

<pre># Add route to LAN subnet
/sbin/ip route add 192.168.3.0/24 dev eth0 table ISP</pre>

== /etc/openvpn/route-up-fwmark.sh ==
Append a route from the LAN subnet to the VPN table

<pre># Add route to LAN only subnet
/sbin/ip route add 192.168.3.0/24 dev eth0 table VPN</pre>

== /etc/ntpd.conf ==
Add a listen address for ntp (OpenNTPD).

You should now have:

<pre># Addresses to listen on (ntpd does not listen by default)
listen on 192.168.1.1
listen on 192.168.2.1
listen on 192.168.3.1</pre>

Devices needing the correct time will need to use this NTP server because they will not be able to get it from the Internet.

== Blocking bogons ==
Our LAN now has 4 subnets in total that are possible:

* 192.168.0.0/30 (connection between modem and router)
* 192.168.1.0/24 (ISP table, directly routed out WAN)
* 192.168.2.0/24 (VPN table, routed out VPN)
* 192.168.3.0/24 (Null routed subnet for LAN only hosts)
* 172.16.32.0/20 (VPN provider's network, so we can access things on the VPN's network).

Everything else should be rejected. No packets should ever be forwarded on 192.168.5.2 or 10.0.0.5 for example.

=== Installing ipset ===
Install ipset:

{{cmd|apk add ipset}}

Add it to start up:
{{cmd|rc-update add ipset default}}

Now we need to load the lists of addresses into ipset [http://blog.ls20.com/securing-your-server-using-ipset-and-dynamic-blocklists Securing Your Server using IPset and Dynamic Blocklists] mentions a [https://gist.github.com/hwdsl2/6dce75072274abfd2781 script] which was particularly useful. This script could be run on a cron job if you wanted to regularly update it and for the full bogon list you should as they change when that address space has been allocated.

For the purpose of this we will be using just the [https://files.pfsense.org/lists/bogon-bn-nonagg.txt bogon-bn-nonagg.txt] list.

<pre>0.0.0.0/8
10.0.0.0/8
100.64.0.0/10
127.0.0.0/8
169.254.0.0/16
172.16.0.0/12
192.0.0.0/24
192.0.2.0/24
192.168.0.0/16
198.18.0.0/15
198.51.100.0/24
203.0.113.0/24
224.0.0.0/4
240.0.0.0/4</pre>

This is unlikely to change as it's the IPV4 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserved_IP_addresses Reserved IP addresses] space. The script:

<pre>#! /bin/bash

# /usr/local/sbin/fullbogons-ipv4
# BoneKracker
# Rev. 11 October 2012
# Tested with ipset 6.13

# Purpose: Periodically update an ipset used in a running firewall to block
# bogons. Bogons are addresses that nobody should be using on the public
# Internet because they are either private, not to be assigned, or have
# not yet been assigned.
#
# Notes: Call this from crontab. Feed updated every 4 hours.

# target="http://www.team-cymru.org/Services/Bogons/fullbogons-ipv4.txt"
# Use alternative URL from pfSense, due to 404 error with URL above
target="https://files.pfsense.org/lists/bogon-bn-nonagg.txt"
ipset_params="hash:net"

filename=$(basename ${target})
firewall_ipset=${filename%.*} # ipset will be filename minus ext
data_dir="/var/tmp/${firewall_ipset}" # data directory will be same
data_file="${data_dir}/${filename}"

# if data directory does not exist, create it
mkdir -pm 0750 ${data_dir}

# function to get modification time of the file in log-friendly format
get_timestamp() {
date -r $1 +%m/%d' '%R
}

# file modification time on server is preserved during wget download
[ -w ${data_file} ] && old_timestamp=$(get_timestamp ${data_file})

# fetch file only if newer than the version we already have
wget -qNP ${data_dir} ${target}

if [ "$?" -ne "0" ]; then
logger -p cron.err "IPSet: ${firewall_ipset} wget failed."
exit 1
fi

timestamp=$(get_timestamp ${data_file})

# compare timestamps because wget returns success even if no newer file
if [ "${timestamp}" != "${old_timestamp}" ]; then

temp_ipset="${firewall_ipset}_temp"
ipset create ${temp_ipset} ${ipset_params}

#sed -i '/^#/d' ${data_file} # strip comments
sed -ri '/^[#< \t]|^$/d' ${data_file} # occasionally the file has been xhtml

while read network; do
ipset add ${temp_ipset} ${network}
done < ${data_file}

# if ipset does not exist, create it
ipset create -exist ${firewall_ipset} ${ipset_params}

# swap the temp ipset for the live one
ipset swap ${temp_ipset} ${firewall_ipset}
ipset destroy ${temp_ipset}

# log the file modification time for use in minimizing lag in cron schedule
logger -p cron.notice "IPSet: ${firewall_ipset} updated (as of: ${timestamp})."

fi</pre>

Now you should see the list loaded into memory when you do:

{{cmd|ipset list}}

We want to save it so our router can refer to it next time it starts up so for that:

{{cmd|/etc/init.d/ipset save}}

=== Adding our allowed networks ===

==== IPv4 ====
{{cmd|ipset create allowed-nets-ipv4 hash:net,iface family inet}}

Then you can add each of your allowed networks:

<pre>ipset add allowed-nets-ipv4 192.168.0.0/30,eth1
ipset add allowed-nets-ipv4 192.168.1.0/24,eth0
ipset add allowed-nets-ipv4 192.168.2.0/24,eth0
ipset add allowed-nets-ipv4 192.168.3.0/24,eth0
ipset add allowed-nets-ipv4 127.0.0.0/8,lo
ipset add allowed-nets-ipv4 172.16.32.0/20,tun0</pre>

==== IPv6 ====
For IPv6 if you've got any [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_local_address Unique local address] ranges you may choose to add them:

{{cmd|ipset create allowed-nets-ipv6 hash:net,iface family inet6}}

<pre>ipset add allowed-nets-ipv6 fde4:8dba:82e1::/48,tun0
ipset add allowed-nets-ipv6 fde4:8dba:82e1:ffff::/64,eth0</pre>

Finally save the sets with this command so they can be loaded next boot:

{{cmd|/etc/init.d/ipset save}}

== Restricting our LAN subnet with iptables, and blocking the bogons ==
Finally we can apply our iptables rules, to filter both 192.168.3.0/24 and make sure that subnets like 192.168.5.0/24 are not forwarded or accessible by our router. You will need to review these rules, and remove the ones that do not apply to you.

Don't forget to change your RADIUS rules if you moved your WiFi APs into the 192.168.3.0/24 subnet. You'll also need to edit /etc/raddb/clients.conf

I used a new table here called "raw". This table is more primitive than the filter table. It cannot have FORWARD rules or INPUT rules. Therefore you will still need a FORWARD rule in your filter table to block bogons originating from your LAN.

The only kind of rules we may use here are PREROUTING and OUTPUT. The OUTPUT rules will only filter traffic originating from our router's local processes, such as if we ran the ping command to a bogon range on the router's command prompt.

Traffic passes over the raw table, before connecting marking as indicated by this packet flow map: [http://inai.de/images/nf-packet-flow.png Netfilter packet flow graph] this means we don't have to strip the mark off the bogon range in the mangle table anymore.

<pre>#########################################################################
# Advanced routing rule set
# Uses 192.168.1.0 via ISP
# 192.168.2.0 via VPN
# 192.168.3.0 via LAN
#
# Packets to/from 192.168.1.0/24 are marked with 0x1 and routed to ISP
# Packets to/from 192.168.2.0/24 are marked with 0x2 and routed to VPN
# Packets to/from 192.168.3.0/24 are routed to LAN and not forwarded onto
# the internet
#
#########################################################################

#
# Raw Table
# This table is the place where we drop all illegal packets from networks that
# do not exist
#
*raw
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]

# Create a log drop chain
:LOG_DROP_BOGON - [0:0]

# Create an output chain
:OUT_PPP0 - [0:0]
:OUT_TUN0 - [0:0]

# Allows traffic from VPN tunnel
-A PREROUTING -s 172.16.32.0/20 -i tun0 -j ACCEPT

# Allows traffic to VPN tunnel
-A PREROUTING -d 172.16.32.0/20 -j ACCEPT

# Block specified bogons coming in from ISP and VPN
# (unlikely to happen as they filter them on their router)
-A PREROUTING -i ppp0 -m set --match-set bogon-bn-nonagg src -j LOG_DROP_BOGON
-A PREROUTING -i tun0 -m set --match-set bogon-bn-nonagg src -j LOG_DROP_BOGON

# Allows my excepted ranges.
-A PREROUTING -m set --match-set allowed-nets-ipv4 src,src -j ACCEPT

# Pass output interface to corresponding chain
-A OUTPUT -o ppp0 -j OUT_PPP0
-A OUTPUT -o tun0 -j OUT_TUN0

# Log drop chain
-A LOG_DROP_BOGON -j LOG --log-prefix "Dropped Bogon (ipv4) : " --log-level 6
-A LOG_DROP_BOGON -j DROP

# Block packets originating from the router destined to bogon ranges
-A OUT_PPP0 -m set --match-set bogon-bn-nonagg dst -j LOG_DROP_BOGON

# Blocks packets originating from the router destined to bogon ranges
-A OUT_TUN0 -d 172.16.32.0/20 -j ACCEPT
-A OUT_TUN0 -m set --match-set bogon-bn-nonagg dst -j LOG_DROP_BOGON
COMMIT

#
# NAT Table
# This is where translation of packets happens and "forwarding" of ports
# to specific hosts.
#
*nat
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]

# Port forwarding for Bittorrent
-A PREROUTING -i tun0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 6881:6889 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.2.20
-A PREROUTING -i tun0 -p udp -m udp --dport 6881:6889 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.2.20

# Allows routing to our modem subnet so we can access the web interface
-A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -d 192.168.0.1/32 -o eth1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j MASQUERADE
-A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d 192.168.0.1/32 -o eth1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j MASQUERADE

# Allows hosts of the network to use the VPN tunnel
-A POSTROUTING -o tun0 -j MASQUERADE

# Allows hosts of the network to use the PPP tunnel
-A POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
COMMIT

#
# Filter Table
# This is where we decide to ACCEPT, DROP or REJECT things
#
*filter
:INPUT DROP [0:0]
:FORWARD DROP [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]

# Create rule chain per input interface for forwarding packets
:FWD_ETH0 - [0:0]
:FWD_ETH1 - [0:0]
:FWD_PPP0 - [0:0]
:FWD_TUN0 - [0:0]

# Create rule chain per input interface for input packets (for host itself)
:IN_ETH0 - [0:0]
:IN_ETH1 - [0:0]
:IN_PPP0 - [0:0]
:IN_TUN0 - [0:0]

# Create a drop chain
:LOG_DROP - [0:0]

# Create a log drop chain
:LOG_DROP_BOGON - [0:0]

# Create a reject chain
:LOG_REJECT_LANONLY - [0:0]

# Create an output chain
:OUT_PPP0 - [0:0]
:OUT_TUN0 - [0:0]

# Pass input packet to corresponding rule chain
-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -i eth0 -j IN_ETH0
-A INPUT -i eth1 -j IN_ETH1
-A INPUT -i ppp0 -j IN_PPP0
-A INPUT -i tun0 -j IN_TUN0

# Track forwarded packets
-A FORWARD -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Pass forwarded packet to corresponding rule chain
-A FORWARD -i eth0 -j FWD_ETH0
-A FORWARD -i eth1 -j FWD_ETH1
-A FORWARD -i ppp0 -j FWD_PPP0
-A FORWARD -i tun0 -j FWD_TUN0

# Pass output interface to corresponding chain
-A OUTPUT -o ppp0 -j OUT_PPP0
-A OUTPUT -o tun0 -j OUT_TUN0

# Forward traffic to Modem
-A FWD_ETH0 -d 192.168.0.1/32 -j ACCEPT

# Allow routing to remote address on VPN
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -d 172.16.32.1/32 -o tun0 -j ACCEPT
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d 172.16.32.1/32 -o tun0 -j ACCEPT

# Allow forwarding from LAN hosts to LAN ONLY subnet
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -d 192.168.3.0/24 -j ACCEPT
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d 192.168.3.0/24 -j ACCEPT

# Allow LAN ONLY subnet to contact other LAN hosts
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.3.0/24 -d 192.168.1.0/24 -j ACCEPT
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.3.0/24 -d 192.168.2.0/24 -j ACCEPT

# Refuse to forward bogons to the internet!
-A FWD_ETH0 -m set --match-set bogon-bn-nonagg dst -j LOG_DROP_BOGON

# Forward traffic to ISP
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j ACCEPT

# Forward traffic to VPN
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -j ACCEPT

# Prevent 192.168.3.0/24 from accessing internet
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.3.0/24 -j LOG_REJECT_LANONLY

# Allow excepted server to be FORWARD to ppp0
#-A FWD_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d <IP_OF_EXCEPTED_SERVER>/32 -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT

# Forward SSH packets from network to modem
-A FWD_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A FWD_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.2.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Forward HTTP packets from network to mode
-A FWD_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 80 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A FWD_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.2.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 80 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Forward Bittorrent Port to workstation
-A FWD_TUN0 -d 192.168.2.20/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 6881:6889 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A FWD_TUN0 -d 192.168.2.20/32 -p udp -m udp --dport 6881:6889 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# SSH to Router
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# DNS to Router
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT

# FreeRadius Client (eg a UniFi AP)
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.3.10/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 1812 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.3.10/32 -p udp -m udp --dport 1812 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Ubiquiti UAP Device Discovery Broadcast
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.3.10/32 -p udp -m udp --dport 10001 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# NTP to Router
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 123 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 123 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.3.0/24 -p udp -m udp --dport 123 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Accept traffic to router on both subnets
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Allow excepted server to be INPUT to eth0 from LAN
#-A IN_ETH0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d <IP_OF_EXCEPTED_SERVER>/32 -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT

# SSH To Modem from Router
-A IN_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.0.0/30 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# HTTP To Modem from Router
-A IN_ETH1 -s 192.168.0.1/32 -d 192.168.0.0/30 -p tcp -m tcp --sport 80 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Accept incoming tracked PPP0 connection
-A IN_PPP0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Log dropped packets coming in on PPP0
-A IN_PPP0 -j LOG --log-prefix "DROP:INPUT (ipv4) " --log-level 6
-A IN_PPP0 -j LOG_DROP

# Accept incoming tracked TUN0 connection
-A IN_TUN0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Log dropped packets coming in on TUN0
-A IN_TUN0 -j LOG --log-prefix "DROP:INPUT (ipv4) " --log-level 6
-A IN_TUN0 -j LOG_DROP

# Log dropped bogons that never got forwarded
-A LOG_DROP_BOGON -j LOG --log-prefix "Dropped Bogon forward (ipv4) " --log-level 6
-A LOG_DROP_BOGON -j DROP

# Log rejected packets
-A LOG_REJECT_LANONLY -j LOG --log-prefix "Rejected packet from LAN only range : " --log-level 6
-A LOG_REJECT_LANONLY -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable
COMMIT

#
# Mangle Table
# This is the place where our markings happen, whether they be 0x1 or 0x2
#
*mangle

# Set default policies for table
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]

# Restore CONNMARK to the MARK (If one doesn't exist then no mark is set)
-A PREROUTING -j CONNMARK --restore-mark --nfmask 0xffffffff --ctmask 0xffffffff

# If packet MARK is 2, then it means there is already a connection mark and the
# original packet came in on VPN
-A PREROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -m mark --mark 0x2 -j ACCEPT

# Check exception (this is a server which when accessed on a 192.168.2.0/24 address will go out the ISP table) are 0x1
#-A PREROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d <IP_OF_EXCEPTED_SERVER>/32 -m mark --mark 0x1 -j ACCEPT

# Mark packets coming from 192.168.2.0/24 are 0x2
-A PREROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -j MARK --set-xmark 0x2/0xffffffff

# If packet MARK is 1, then it means there is already a connection mark and the
# original packet came in on ISP
-A PREROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -m mark --mark 0x1 -j ACCEPT

# Mark packets 192.168.1.0/24 are 0x1
-A PREROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j MARK --set-xmark 0x1/0xffffffff

# Mark exception (this is a server which when accessed on a 192.168.2.0/24 address will go out the ISP table) as 0x1
#-A PREROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d <IP_OF_EXCEPTED_SERVER>/32 -j MARK --set-xmark 0x1/0xffffff

# Strip mark if packet is destined for modem
-A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1/32 -j MARK --set-xmark 0x0/0xffffffff

# Save MARK to CONNMARK (remember iproute can't see CONNMARKs)
-A PREROUTING -j CONNMARK --save-mark --nfmask 0xffffffff --ctmask 0xffffffff
COMMIT</pre>

= IPv6 =
IPv6 introduces a number of new complexities into our network. To begin with we're going to build a basic IPv6 network without the VPN tunnel ie 192.168.2.0/24 subnet or tun0 interface. If you've completed previous parts of this guide, you can leave that part as is.

If your VPN provider only offers you a single stack connection (no IPv6) then you've got nothing there to worry about.

In this section we will implement IPv6 dual stack. We do at this point only have dual stack, prefix delegation. If you know nothing about IPv6, then you should have a look at these helpful pages:

* [http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux+IPv6-HOWTO Linux IPv6 HOWTO (en)] - in particular the "basics" and "address types".
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6 IPv6]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_address IPv6 Address]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_delegation Prefix delegation] we use this with dhcpcd when doing DHCPv6-PD to inform our ISP of our network devices.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol Neighbor Discovery Protocol] we use this with radvd to distribute our routes.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol_version_6 Internet Control Message Protocol version 6] ICMPv6 differs from ICMPv4 and is used for many critical parts of IPv6 infrastructure.
* [http://ipv6-test.com IPv6-test.com] Useful for diagnosing if IPv6 is working.

[[File:Network diagram ipv6 basic.svg|900px|center|Network Diagram Single IPv6]]

== Enabling IPv6 support ==

Assuming you're using the Alpine Linux kernel, IPv6 support is available separately as a module.

{{cmd|modprobe ipv6}}
To add the module to our startup configuration.
{{cmd|echo "ipv6" >> /etc/modules}}

=== /etc/sysctl.conf ===
Modify the sysctl section to include IPv6 support:

<pre>########################################
### IPv6 ###
########################################

# http://vk5tu.livejournal.com/37206.html
# What's this special value "2"? Originally the value was "1", but this
# disabled autoconfiguration on all interfaces. That is, you couldn't appear
# to be a router on some interfaces and appear to be a host on other
# interfaces. But that's exactly the mental model of a ADSL router.

# Controls IP packet forwarding
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 2
net.ipv6.conf.default.forwarding = 2

# Enable source validation by reversed path
# Protects from attackers that are using ip spoofing methods to do harm
# net.ipv6.conf.all.rp_filter = 1 ## Disabled, not available with this kernel

net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra = 2
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra = 2

# Disable redirects, not a router
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0</pre>

=== /etc/network/interfaces ===
Add an IPv6 address under eth0.

<pre>iface eth0 inet6 static
address 2001:0db8:1234:0001::1
netmask 64
autoconf 0
accept_ra 0
privext 0</pre>

=== /etc/ppp/peers/yourISP ===
Add this to your ppp configuration. This tells PPP to get an ipv6 address. Note the comma is needed.

<pre># Enable IPV6
+ipv6 ipv6cp-use-ipaddr
ipv6 ,</pre>

=== Check system log ===
Restart ppp.

{{cmd|poff yourISP}}
{{cmd|pon yourISP}}

In /var/log/messages you should see something like

<pre>pppd[]: Plugin rp-pppoe.so loaded.
pppd[]: RP-PPPoE plugin version 3.8p compiled against pppd 2.4.7
pppd[]: pppd 2.4.7 started by root, uid 0
pppd[]: PPP session is 49969
pppd[]: Connected to 00:53:00:ff:ff:f0 via interface eth1
pppd[]: Using interface ppp0
pppd[]: Connect: ppp0 <--> eth1
pppd[]: CHAP authentication succeeded
pppd[]: CHAP authentication succeeded
pppd[]: peer from calling number 00:53:00:FF:FF:F0 authorized
pppd[]: local LL address fe80::0db8:ffff:ffff:fff1
pppd[]: remote LL address fe80::0db8:ffff:ffff:fff0
pppd[]: local IP address 192.0.2.1
pppd[]: remote IP address 192.0.2.0
pppd[]: primary DNS address 192.0.2.10
pppd[]: secondary DNS address 192.0.2.20</pre>

You should be able to now ping things such as

{{cmd|ping6 ipv6.google.com}}

from your router.

== Prefix Delegation ==

The next step will be to configure DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation with your ISP. Install dhcpcd. While many guides do use the wide-dhcpv6-client [http://bugs.alpinelinux.org/issues/564 it should be noted this is unmaintained] and not included in Alpine Linux.

Don't use the ISC's dhclient either as [https://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=432652 this does not support Prefix Delegations on PPP links] without a patch.

{{cmd|apk add dhcpcd}}

You can check out the manual for [http://roy.marples.name/man/html5/dhcpcd.conf.html dhcpcd.conf]. Installing dhcpcd-doc will allow you to read the man file. Eg:

{{cmd|apk add dhcpcd-doc}}

=== /etc/dhcpcd.conf ===

{{cmd|apk add dhcpcd}}

<pre># Enable extra debugging
# debug

# Allow users of this group to interact with dhcpcd via the control
# socket.
#controlgroup wheel

# Inform the DHCP server of our hostname for DDNS.
hostname gateway

# Use the hardware address of the interface for the Client ID.
#clientid
# or
# Use the same DUID + IAID as set in DHCPv6 for DHCPv4 ClientID as
# per RFC4361. Some non-RFC compliant DHCP servers do not reply with
# this set. In this case, comment out duid and enable clientid above.
duid

# Persist interface configuration when dhcpcd exits.
persistent

# Rapid commit support.
# Safe to enable by default because it requires the equivalent option
# set on the server to actually work.
option rapid_commit

# A list of options to request from the DHCP server.
option domain_name_servers, domain_name, domain_search, host_name
option classless_static_routes

# Most distributions have NTP support.
option ntp_servers
# Respect the network MTU.
# Some interface drivers reset when changing the MTU so disabled by
# default.
#option interface_mtu

# A ServerID is required by RFC2131.
require dhcp_server_identifier

# Generate Stable Private IPv6 Addresses instead of hardware based
# ones
slaac private

# A hook script is provided to lookup the hostname if not set by the
# DHCP server, but it should not be run by default.
nohook lookup-hostname

# IPv6 Only
ipv6only

# Disable solicitations on all interfaces
noipv6rs

# Wait for IP before forking to background
waitip 6

# Don't install any default routes.
# PPP has already set a default route
nogateway

# Don't touch DNS
nohook resolv.conf

# Use the interface connected to WAN
interface ppp0
ipv6rs # enable routing solicitation get the default IPv6 route
iaid 1
ia_pd 1/::/64 eth0/1/64 # Assign a prefix delegated route to our LAN</pre>

Add dhcpcd to the default run level:

{{cmd|rc-update add dhcpcd default}}

== Configure ip6tables with a basic ruleset ==

A basic rule set for ip6tables. It is commented so feel free to read it.

You'll need to modify your prefix in one of the rules.

<pre>#########################################################################
# Basic iptables IPv6 routing rule set
#
# 2001:0db8:1234:0001::/64 hosts routed directly to ppp0
#
#########################################################################

*mangle
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
COMMIT

*nat
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
COMMIT

*raw
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
COMMIT

#
# Filter Table
# This is where we decide to ACCEPT, DROP or REJECT things
#
*filter
:INPUT DROP [0:0]
:FORWARD DROP [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]

# Create rule chain per input interface for forwarding packets
:FWD_ETH0 - [0:0]
:FWD_ETH1 - [0:0]
:FWD_PPP0 - [0:0]
:FWD_TUN0 - [0:0]

# Create ICMPFLOOD chain
:ICMPFLOOD - [0:0]

# Create rule chain per input interface for input packets (for host itself)
:IN_ETH0 - [0:0]
:IN_ETH1 - [0:0]
:IN_PPP0 - [0:0]

# Create a drop chain
:LOG_DROP - [0:0]

# Accept all from localhost
-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT

# Create rule chain per input interface for input packets (for host itself)
-A INPUT -i eth0 -j IN_ETH0
-A INPUT -i eth1 -j IN_ETH1
-A INPUT -i ppp0 -j IN_PPP0

# Block remote packets claiming to be from a loopback address
-A INPUT -s ::1/128 ! -i lo -j DROP

# Permit needed ICMP packet types for IPv6 per RFC 4890
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 1 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 2 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 3 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 4 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 133 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 134 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 135 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 136 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 137 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 141 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 142 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 130 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 131 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 132 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 143 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 148 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 149 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 151 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 152 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 153 -j ACCEPT

# Permit ICMP echo requests (ping) and use ICMPFLOOD chain for preventing ping flooding.
-A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 128 -j ICMPFLOOD

# Track forwarded packets
-A FORWARD -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Pass forwarded packet to corresponding rule chain
-A FORWARD -i eth0 -j FWD_ETH0
-A FORWARD -i eth1 -j FWD_ETH1
-A FORWARD -i ppp0 -j FWD_PPP0

# Permit needed ICMP packet types for IPv6 per RFC 4890
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 1 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 2 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 3 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 4 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 133 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 134 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 135 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 136 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 137 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 141 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 142 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 130 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 131 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 132 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 143 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 148 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 149 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 151 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 152 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -s fe80::/10 -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 153 -j ACCEPT

# Permit ICMP echo requests (ping) and use ICMPFLOOD chain for preventing ping flooding.
-A FORWARD -p ipv6-icmp -m icmp6 --icmpv6-type 128 -j ICMPFLOOD

# Forward LAN subnet
-A FWD_ETH0 -s 2001:0db8:1234:0001::/64 -j ACCEPT

# Chain for preventing ping flooding - up to 6 pings per second from a single
# source, again with log limiting.
-A ICMPFLOOD -m hashlimit --hashlimit-name ICMP --hashlimit-above 6/second --hashlimit-mode srcip -j DROP
-A ICMPFLOOD -j ACCEPT

# DHCPv6 to Router
-A IN_ETH0 -p udp -m udp --dport 547 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT

# LAN traffic out
-A IN_ETH0 -s 2001:0db8:1234:0001::/64 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Accept tracked connections from outside
-A IN_PPP0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

# Drop and log everything else
-A IN_PPP0 -j LOG --log-prefix "DROP:INPUT (ipv6) " --log-level 6
-A IN_PPP0 -j LOG_DROP
COMMIT</pre>

Add ip6tables to the default run level:

{{cmd|rc-update add ip6tables default}}

== Router Advertisements ==

{{cmd|apk add radvd}}

Once radvd is installed, you may configure it:

=== /etc/radvd.conf ===
Note this will cause an IPv6 address to be routed to your systems. Those '''systems will now leak via IPv6 to the Internet''' if you're on a subnet like 192.168.2.0/24 using an aliased connection.

To mitigate this we would use VLANs, which behave as separate network interfaces. For that you need to replaced the unmanaged switch with a managed one, and each interface, eg eth0:2 with eth0.2.

<pre>interface eth0 {

# We are sending advertisements (route)
AdvSendAdvert on;

# Suggested Maximum Transmission setting for using the
# Hurricane Electric Tunnel Broker.
# AdvLinkMTU 1480;

# We have native Dual Stack IPv6 so we can use the regular MTU
# http://blogs.cisco.com/enterprise/ipv6-mtu-gotchas-and-other-icmp-issues
AdvLinkMTU 1500;

prefix 2001:0db8:1234:b001::/64 {
AdvOnLink on;
AdvAutonomous on; # SLAAC based on EUI
AdvRouterAddr on;
};

RDNSS 2001:0db8:1234:0001::1 {
};
# DNSSL example.id.au {
# };
};</pre>

Add radvd to the default run level:

{{cmd|rc-update add radvd default}}

== Enable Privacy extensions in /etc/sysctl.conf ==

When a client acquires an address through SLAAC its IPv6 address is derived from the advertised prefix and the MAC address of the network interface of the client. This may raise security concerns as the MAC address of the computer can be easily derived by the IPv6 address. In order to tackle this problem the ''IPv6 Privacy Extensions'' standard ([https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4941 RFC 4941]) has been developed. With privacy extensions the kernel generates a ''temporary'' address that is mangled from the original autoconfigured address. Private addresses are preferred when connecting to a remote server so the original address is hidden. To enable Privacy Extensions reproduce the following steps:

<pre># Enable IPv6 Privacy Extensions
net.ipv6.conf.all.use_tempaddr = 2
net.ipv6.conf.default.use_tempaddr = 2
net.ipv6.conf.nic0.use_tempaddr = 2
...
net.ipv6.conf.nicN.use_tempaddr = 2</pre>

== Using DHCPv6 ==
You may decide you want more control over your network address assignment. For this you'll need to use DHCPv6. DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 need to run on separate instances of DHCPD.

Make a symlink for the init script:
{{cmd|ln -s /etc/init.d/dhcpd /etc/init.d/dhcpdv6}}

Include it in the router provision file:
{{cmd|lbu include /etc/init.d/dhcpdv6}}

Copy the DHCP Daemon configuration file:
{{cmd|cp /etc/conf.d/dhcpd /etc/conf.d/dhcpdv6}}

Enable it to run on IPv6. DHCPD can only run on one IP protocol at a time. By default it defaults to IPv4.
{{cmd|<nowiki>sed -i 's/# DHCPD_OPTS=""/DHCPD_OPTS="-6"/g' /etc/conf.d/dhcpdv6</nowiki>}}

Copy the DHCP configuration file:
{{cmd|cp /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp/dhcpdv6.conf}}

Change the owner of the configurations to the dhcp user and group
{{cmd|chown -R dhcp:dhcp /etc/dhcp}}

=== /etc/dhcp/dhcpdv6.conf ===
You will want to edit your MAC address in the host declarations. The client-id or DUID can be found in /etc/dhcpcd.duid when you've installed dhcpcd on your client.

You can also see it in /var/log/messages on your router when a client tries to authenticate on your network eg:

<pre>dhcpd: Advertise NA: address 2001:0db8:1234:0001::240 to client with duid <DEVICE DUID> iaid = <DEVICE IAID> valid for 43200 seconds</pre>

Currently [https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=32621 Android does not have DHCPv6 support] and Google seem unwilling to add it.

If you're using a version of dhcpcd below 6.9.3 you may need to set "ipv6ra_accept_nopublic" in your /etc/dhcpcd.conf.

<pre>authoritative;
ddns-update-style interim;

shared-network home {
subnet6 2001:0db8:1234:0001::/64 {
range6 2001:0db8:1234:0001::10 2001:0db8:1234:0001::240;
range6 2001:0db8:1234:0001:: temporary;
option dhcp6.name-servers 2001:0db8:1234:0001::1;
option dhcp6.sntp-servers 2001:0db8:1234:0001::1;
allow unknown-clients;
}

subnet6 fde4:8dba:82e1:ffff::/64 {
range6 fde4:8dba:82e1:ffff::10 fde4:8dba:82e1:ffff::240;
range6 fde4:8dba:82e1:ffff:: temporary;
option dhcp6.name-servers 2001:0db8:1234:0001::1;
option dhcp6.sntp-servers 2001:0db8:1234:0001::1;
ignore unknown-clients;
}
}

host Gaming_Computer {
hardware ethernet 00:53:00:FF:FF:11;;
host-identifier option dhcp6.client-id <YOUR_DUID>;
fixed-address6 2001:0db8:1234:0001::20;
fixed-prefix6 2001:0db8:1234:0001::/64;
option dhcp6.name-servers 2001:0db8:1234:0001::1;
option dhcp6.sntp-servers 2001:0db8:1234:0001::1;
}

host Linux Workstation {
hardware ethernet 00:53:00:FF:FF:22;;
host-identifier option dhcp6.client-id <YOUR_DUID>;
fixed-address6 fde4:8dba:82e1:ffff::21;
fixed-prefix6 2001:0db8:1234:0001::/64;
option dhcp6.name-servers 2001:0db8:1234:0001::1;
option dhcp6.sntp-servers 2001:0db8:1234:0001::1;
}</pre>

=== /etc/radvd.conf ===
Finally you'll want to change add "AdvManagedFlag", and "AdvOtherConfigFlag". You will also want to toggle "AdvAutonomous" to off if you do not want IPs generated by SLAAC based on EUI.

<pre>interface eth0 {

# We are sending advertisements (route)
AdvSendAdvert on;

# When set, host use the administered (stateful) protocol
# for address autoconfiguration. The use of this flag is
# described in RFC 4862
AdvManagedFlag on;

# When set, host use the administered (stateful) protocol
# for address autoconfiguration. For other (non-address)
# information.
# The use of this flag is described in RFC 4862
AdvOtherConfigFlag on;

# Suggested Maximum Transmission setting for using the
# Hurricane Electric Tunnel Broker.
# AdvLinkMTU 1480;

# We have native Dual Stack IPv6 so we can use the regular MTU
# http://blogs.cisco.com/enterprise/ipv6-mtu-gotchas-and-other-icmp-issues
AdvLinkMTU 1500;

prefix 2001:0db8:1234:0001::/64 {
AdvOnLink on;
AdvAutonomous off;
AdvRouterAddr on;
};

# RDNSS 2001:0db8:1234:0001::1 {
# };
# DNSSL example.id {
# };
};</pre>

= Other Tips =

== Diagnosing firewall problems ==

=== netcat, netcat6 ===
Netcat can be useful for testing if a port is open or closed or filtered.

{{cmd|apk add netcat-openbsd}}

After installing netcat we can use it like this:

Say we wanted to test for IPv6, UDP, Port 547 we would do this on the router:

{{cmd|nc -6 -u -l 547}}

and then this on the client to connect to it:

{{cmd|nc -u -v -6 2001:0db8:1234:0001::1 547}}

=== tcpdump ===

tcpdump can also be useful for dumping the contents of packets coming in on an interface:

{{cmd|apk add tcpdump}}

Then we can run it. This example captures all DNS traffic originating from 192.168.2.20.

{{cmd|tcpdump -i eth0 udp and src 192.168.2.20 and port 53}}

You can write the file out with the -w option, and view it in Wireshark locally on your computer. You can increase the verbosity with the -v option. Using -vv will be even more verbose. -vvv will show even more.

== lbu cache ==
Configure lbu cache so that you don't need to download packages when you restart your router eg [[Local APK cache]]

This is particularly important as some of the images do not contain ppp-pppoe. This might mean you're unable to get an internet connection to download the other packages on boot.

== lbu encryption /etc/lbu/lbu.conf ==
In /etc/lbu/lbu.conf you might want to enable encryption to protect your VPN keys.

<pre># what cipher to use with -e option
DEFAULT_CIPHER=aes-256-cbc

# Uncomment the row below to encrypt config by default
ENCRYPTION=$DEFAULT_CIPHER

# Uncomment below to avoid <media> option to 'lbu commit'
# Can also be set to 'floppy'
LBU_MEDIA=mmcblk0p1

# Set the LBU_BACKUPDIR variable in case you prefer to save the apkovls
# in a normal directory instead of mounting an external media.
# LBU_BACKUPDIR=/root/config-backups

# Uncomment below to let lbu make up to 3 backups
# BACKUP_LIMIT=3</pre>

Remember to set a root password, by default Alpine Linux's root account is passwordless.
{{cmd|passwd root}}

== Backup apkprov ==
It's a good idea to back up your apk provision file. You can pull it off your router to your local workstation with:

{{cmd|scp -r root@192.168.2.1:/media/mmcblk0p1/<YOUR HOST NAME>.apkovl.tar.gz.aes-256-cbc ./}}

And decrypt it with:
{{cmd|openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -in <YOUR HOST NAME>.apkovl.tar.gz.aes-256-cbc -out <YOUR HOST NAME>.apkovl.tar.gz}}

It can be encrypted with:
{{cmd|openssl aes-256-cbc -salt -in <YOUR HOST NAME>.apkovl.tar.gz -out <YOUR HOST NAME>.apkovl.tar.gz.aes-256-cbc}}

== Harden SSH ==

=== Generate a SSH key ===
{{cmd|ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096}}

You will want to put the contents of id_rsa.pub in /etc/ssh/authorized_keys

You can put multiple public keys on multiple lines if more than one person has access to the router.

=== /etc/ssh/sshd_config ===
A couple of good options to set in here can be:

<pre>ListenAddress 192.168.1.1
ListenAddress 192.168.2.1</pre>

While this isn't usually a good idea, a router doesn't need more than one user.
<pre>PermitRootLogin yes</pre>

The most important options:
<pre>RSAAuthentication yes
PubkeyAuthentication yes
AuthorizedKeysFile /etc/ssh/authorized_keys
PasswordAuthentication no
PermitEmptyPasswords no
AllowTcpForwarding no
X11Forwarding no</pre>

=== /etc/conf.d/sshd ===
You will want to add <pre>rc_need="net"</pre>

This instructs OpenRC to make sure the network is up before starting ssh.

Finally add sshd to the default run level
{{cmd|rc-update add sshd default}}

= References =
* https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Home_Router
* https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ADSLPPPoE
* https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Router
* https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/IPv6_router_guide
* [https://vk5tu.livejournal.com/37206.html IPv6 at home, under the hood with Debian Wheezy and Internode]
* [http://vk5tu.livejournal.com/43059.html Raspberry Pi random number generator]
* [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=56&t=60569 rng-tools post by ktb]

Alpine Linux - User contributions [en]

Linux Router with VPN on a Raspberry Pi