Setting up a software RAID array: Difference between revisions
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[[Category:Storage]] | [[Category:Storage]] | ||
There are various forms of RAID: via a hardware RAID controller, | There are various forms of RAID: via a hardware RAID controller, "fake RAID", and "software RAID" using <code>mdadm</code>, which is Linux-only. These instructions discuss only the last form of RAID. Only RAID for arbitrary storage is covered here. It's possible to have one's system root {{Path|/}}, or {{Path|/var}}, or swap, or even one's {{Path|/boot}}, on a RAID array. See [[Setting up disks manually]] for more details about doing any of that. | ||
== RAID Levels == | == RAID Levels == | ||
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* RAID5 is similar to RAID1, but it uses three devices and provides the space of two of them. The data will be preserved as long as any two of the three devices continue to work. | * RAID5 is similar to RAID1, but it uses three devices and provides the space of two of them. The data will be preserved as long as any two of the three devices continue to work. | ||
There are other RAID levels as well. [ | There are other RAID levels as well. [https://www.acnc.com/raid/ Here is an explanation of their differences.] | ||
== Advice == | == Advice == | ||
* Your {{Path|/boot}} partition should either not be on RAID, or else be on a RAID1 array, with no further layers of encryption or LVM. (Alpine's default bootloader extlinux can't handle either. Grub2 can handle {{Path|/boot}} being on LVM.) The usual practice is to create a small (32--100 MB) partition for {{Path|/boot}}. That can be a mirrored (RAID1) volume, however this is just for post-init access. That way, when you write a new kernel or bootloader config file to {{Path|/boot}}, it gets written to multiple physical partitions. During the pre-init, bootloader phase, only one of those partitions will be used (and it will be mounted read-only). | * Your {{Path|/boot}} partition should either not be on RAID, or else be on a RAID1 array, with no further layers of encryption or LVM. (Alpine's default bootloader extlinux can't handle either. Grub2 can handle {{Path|/boot}} being on LVM.) The usual practice is to create a small (32--100 MB) partition for {{Path|/boot}}. That can be a mirrored (RAID1) volume, however this is just for post-init access. That way, when you write a new kernel or bootloader config file to {{Path|/boot}}, it gets written to multiple physical partitions. During the pre-init, bootloader phase, only one of those partitions will be used (and it will be mounted read-only). | ||
* You can put swap on a RAID0 volume, but there doesn't seem to be any good reason to do so. The Linux kernel already knows how to stripe several swap partitions. So you can just devote multiple ordinary ( | * It's important to note that extlinux can't boot from partitions created with <code>mdadm</code> metadata version 1.2, which is the default. To be on the safe side, it's recommended to create the partition based on an older metadata version, with the <code>--metadata=0.90</code> parameter for the {{Path|/boot}} partition. | ||
* You can put swap on a RAID0 volume, but there doesn't seem to be any good reason to do so. The Linux kernel already knows how to stripe several swap partitions. So you can just devote multiple ordinary (non-RAID) partitions to swap, and get the same effect. The downside from doing either of these things is that when one of your disks fails, the system will go down. For better reliability, create a mirrored (RAID1) volume and put swap there. This will let your system keep running if one of the disks fails. | |||
* All partitions in a RAID array should be the same size. | * All partitions in a RAID array should be the same size. | ||
* Don't ever mount just one of the devices in a RAID1 array | * Don't ever mount just one of the devices in a RAID1 array. If you mount it r/w, then, even if you don't explicitly write anything to the device, it may get out of sync with the unmounted device, e.g. its filesystem journal has been updated. If you ever subsequently mount the other device, or the two of them together, your data will likely become corrupted. If you have to do this, make sure you mount your device r/o. Better yet, abandon the device you didn't mount. '''Zero out its RAID headers''', and tell <code>mdadm</code> that that device has failed. Then you can if you like treat it as a new disk, which you can add as a replacement to your (now degraded) original RAID array. | ||
* A mirrored RAID array (level 1 or 5) protects you against hardware failure. It doesn't protect against <code>rm -rf /</code>, software errors, exploits, earthquakes, fire. Don't rely on RAID as a backup strategy. | * A mirrored RAID array (level 1 or 5) protects you against hardware failure. It doesn't protect against <code>rm -rf /</code>, software errors, exploits, earthquakes, fire. Don't rely on RAID as a backup strategy. | ||
* Running a mirrored RAID only provides one line of defense against drive failures. It doesn't | * Running a mirrored RAID only provides one line of defense against drive failures. It doesn't allow you to stop thinking about them. If a device in a RAID 1 starts failing and you aren't aware of it, your data will end up just as silently corrupted as it would be if you were running one drive. You have to watch your logs. | ||
This document was updated for Alpine 2.4.6. | This document was updated for Alpine 2.4.6. | ||
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{{Cmd|modprobe raid1}} | {{Cmd|modprobe raid1}} | ||
Add it to {{Path|/etc/modules}} so it gets loaded during next reboot: | Add it to {{Path|/etc/modules-load.d}} so it gets loaded during next reboot: | ||
{{Cmd|echo raid1 >> /etc/modules}} | {{Cmd|echo raid1 >> /etc/modules-load.d/raid1.conf}} | ||
== Creating the partitions == | == Creating the partitions == | ||
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{{Cmd|fdisk /dev/sda}} | {{Cmd|fdisk /dev/sda}} | ||
I will create one single partition of type Linux raid autodetect. Use '''n''' in fdisk to create the partition and '''t''' to set type. Logical volumes will be created later. My partition table looks like this ('p' | I will create one single partition of type Linux raid autodetect. Use '''n''' in fdisk to create the partition and '''t''' to set type. Logical volumes will be created later. My partition table looks like this ('p' prints the partition table): | ||
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System | Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System | ||
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unused devices: <none> | unused devices: <none> | ||
You don't need to wait | You don't need to wait until it is fully syncronized to continue. | ||
== Saving config == | == Saving config == | ||
Create the /etc/mdadm.conf file so mdadm knows how your | Create the /etc/mdadm.conf file so mdadm knows how your RAID is set up: | ||
{{Cmd|mdadm --detail --scan > /etc/mdadm.conf}} | {{Cmd|mdadm --detail --scan > /etc/mdadm.conf}} | ||
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To make sure the raid devices start during the next reboot run: | To make sure the raid devices start during the next reboot run: | ||
{{Cmd|rc-update add mdadm-raid}} | {{Cmd|rc-update add mdadm-raid}} | ||
To use the raid array in {{Path|/etc/fstab}} at boot, the mdadm service must be started at boot time: | |||
{{Cmd|rc-update add mdadm boot}} | |||
{{Cmd|rc-update add mdadm-raid boot}} | |||
If you're not running Alpine from a hard disk install, use {{Cmd|lbu commit}} as usual to save your configuration changes to your removable media. | If you're not running Alpine from a hard disk install, use {{Cmd|lbu commit}} as usual to save your configuration changes to your removable media. | ||
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== Adding a RAID after the installation == | == Adding a RAID after the installation == | ||
To add a softRAID | To add a softRAID to an already installed Alpine, you need to start with these 3 steps : | ||
3. [[Setting_up_a_software_RAID_array#Loading_needed_modules|Loading needed modules]] | 3. [[Setting_up_a_software_RAID_array#Loading_needed_modules|Loading needed modules]] | ||
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Then you have to update your initfs with the command mkinitfs. | Then you have to update your initfs with the command mkinitfs. | ||
1. Be sure {{Path|/etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf}} contain '''raid''' which should | 1. Be sure {{Path|/etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf}} contain '''raid''' which should look like this: | ||
<code>features="ata base ide scsi usb virtio ext4 lvm raid"</code> | <code>features="ata base ide scsi usb virtio ext4 lvm raid"</code> | ||
2. Update the initfs | 2. Update the initfs with this command | ||
{{Cmd|mkinitfs -c /etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf -b /}} | {{Cmd|mkinitfs -c /etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf -b /}} | ||
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* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/RAID Arch wiki page on RAID] | * [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/RAID Arch wiki page on RAID] | ||
* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Software_RAID_and_LVM Arch wiki page on RAID and LVM] | * [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Software_RAID_and_LVM Arch wiki page on RAID and LVM] | ||
* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Convert_a_single_drive_system_to_RAID Arch wiki page on Converting an existing system to RAID] [ | * [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Convert_a_single_drive_system_to_RAID Arch wiki page on Converting an existing system to RAID] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120420141131/https://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Migrate_to_RAID Gentoo wiki page on the same] | ||
* http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/RAID/Software | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130419074430/http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/RAID/Software Gentoo Linux Wiki: RAID/Software (via archive.org)] | ||
* http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Software_RAID_Install | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130325021303/http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Software_RAID_Install Gentoo Linux Wiki: Software RAID Install (via archive.org)] | ||
* | * https://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/gentoo-x86-tipsntricks.xml#software-raid | ||
* http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/gentoo-x86+raid+lvm2-quickinstall.xml | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150223050854/http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/gentoo-x86+raid+lvm2-quickinstall.xml Gentoo Linux x86 with Software Raid and LVM2 Quick Install Guide (via archive.org)] | ||
* http://yannickloth.be/blog/2010/08/01/installing-archlinux-with-software-raid1-encrypted-filesystem-and-lvm2/ | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120919051801/http://yannickloth.be/blog/2010/08/01/installing-archlinux-with-software-raid1-encrypted-filesystem-and-lvm2/ Yannick Loth: Installing Archlinux with software raid1, encrypted filesystem and LVM2 (via archive.org)] | ||
* | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171125120354/https://anonscm.debian.org/gitweb/?p=pkg-mdadm/mdadm.git;a=blob_plain;f=debian/FAQ;hb=HEAD Debian MADM FAQ (via archive.org)] | ||
* | * [https://tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-RAID-FAQ/x37.html Linux Documentation Project: Linux RAID FAQ] | ||
* https:// | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150214220324/http://linux-101.org/howto/arch-linux-software-raid-installation-guide Linux 101: Arch Linux software RAID installation guide (via archive.org)] | ||
* https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Linux_Raid | * https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Linux_Raid |
Latest revision as of 05:39, 26 August 2023
There are various forms of RAID: via a hardware RAID controller, "fake RAID", and "software RAID" using mdadm
, which is Linux-only. These instructions discuss only the last form of RAID. Only RAID for arbitrary storage is covered here. It's possible to have one's system root /, or /var, or swap, or even one's /boot, on a RAID array. See Setting up disks manually for more details about doing any of that.
RAID Levels
There are several "levels" of RAID to choose between:
- RAID0 essentially just glues two devices together, making a larger virtual drive. Reads and writes are "striped" between the drives for speed improvements. (That is, your hardware may read from, or write different data to, multiple devices in parallel.) A "device" here is usually a partition of a hard drive.
- RAID1 "mirrors" writes to two devices, for improved safety. Then if one of the devices fails, the data will still be available on the other.
- RAID5 is similar to RAID1, but it uses three devices and provides the space of two of them. The data will be preserved as long as any two of the three devices continue to work.
There are other RAID levels as well. Here is an explanation of their differences.
Advice
- Your /boot partition should either not be on RAID, or else be on a RAID1 array, with no further layers of encryption or LVM. (Alpine's default bootloader extlinux can't handle either. Grub2 can handle /boot being on LVM.) The usual practice is to create a small (32--100 MB) partition for /boot. That can be a mirrored (RAID1) volume, however this is just for post-init access. That way, when you write a new kernel or bootloader config file to /boot, it gets written to multiple physical partitions. During the pre-init, bootloader phase, only one of those partitions will be used (and it will be mounted read-only).
- It's important to note that extlinux can't boot from partitions created with
mdadm
metadata version 1.2, which is the default. To be on the safe side, it's recommended to create the partition based on an older metadata version, with the--metadata=0.90
parameter for the /boot partition. - You can put swap on a RAID0 volume, but there doesn't seem to be any good reason to do so. The Linux kernel already knows how to stripe several swap partitions. So you can just devote multiple ordinary (non-RAID) partitions to swap, and get the same effect. The downside from doing either of these things is that when one of your disks fails, the system will go down. For better reliability, create a mirrored (RAID1) volume and put swap there. This will let your system keep running if one of the disks fails.
- All partitions in a RAID array should be the same size.
- Don't ever mount just one of the devices in a RAID1 array. If you mount it r/w, then, even if you don't explicitly write anything to the device, it may get out of sync with the unmounted device, e.g. its filesystem journal has been updated. If you ever subsequently mount the other device, or the two of them together, your data will likely become corrupted. If you have to do this, make sure you mount your device r/o. Better yet, abandon the device you didn't mount. Zero out its RAID headers, and tell
mdadm
that that device has failed. Then you can if you like treat it as a new disk, which you can add as a replacement to your (now degraded) original RAID array. - A mirrored RAID array (level 1 or 5) protects you against hardware failure. It doesn't protect against
rm -rf /
, software errors, exploits, earthquakes, fire. Don't rely on RAID as a backup strategy. - Running a mirrored RAID only provides one line of defense against drive failures. It doesn't allow you to stop thinking about them. If a device in a RAID 1 starts failing and you aren't aware of it, your data will end up just as silently corrupted as it would be if you were running one drive. You have to watch your logs.
This document was updated for Alpine 2.4.6.
Loading needed modules
Start with loading the raid1 kernel module:
modprobe raid1
Add it to /etc/modules-load.d so it gets loaded during next reboot:
echo raid1 >> /etc/modules-load.d/raid1.conf
Creating the partitions
Please read up on partition types, and why you should consider using 0xda instead of 0xfd.
I will use /dev/sda and /dev/sdb in this document but your devices may be different. To find what disks you have available, look in /proc/partitions.
Create the partitions using fdisk.
fdisk /dev/sda
I will create one single partition of type Linux raid autodetect. Use n in fdisk to create the partition and t to set type. Logical volumes will be created later. My partition table looks like this ('p' prints the partition table):
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 17753 8388261 fd Linux raid autodetect
Use w to write and quit. Do the same with your second disk.
fdisk /dev/sdb
Mine looks like this:
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 17753 8388261 fd Linux raid autodetect
Alternately, if your disks are the same size (as they should be, see above) you can copy the partition table from one to the other like this:
apk add sfdisk sfdisk -d /dev/sda | sfdisk /dev/sdb
Setting up the RAID array
Install mdadm to set up the arrays.
apk add mdadm
Create the array.
mdadm --create --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1
Monitoring sync status
You should now be able to see the array syncronize by looking at the contents of /proc/mdstat.
~ # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdb1[1] sda1[0] 8388160 blocks [2/2] [UU] [=========>...........] resync = 45.3% (3800064/8388160) finish=0.3min speed=200003K/sec unused devices: <none>
You don't need to wait until it is fully syncronized to continue.
Saving config
Create the /etc/mdadm.conf file so mdadm knows how your RAID is set up:
mdadm --detail --scan > /etc/mdadm.conf
To make sure the raid devices start during the next reboot run:
rc-update add mdadm-raid
To use the raid array in /etc/fstab at boot, the mdadm service must be started at boot time:
rc-update add mdadm boot
rc-update add mdadm-raid boot
If you're not running Alpine from a hard disk install, use
lbu commit
as usual to save your configuration changes to your removable media.
The raid device /dev/md0 is now ready to be used with LVM or mkfs.
Adding a RAID after the installation
To add a softRAID to an already installed Alpine, you need to start with these 3 steps :
Then you have to update your initfs with the command mkinitfs.
1. Be sure /etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf contain raid which should look like this:
features="ata base ide scsi usb virtio ext4 lvm raid"
2. Update the initfs with this command
mkinitfs -c /etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf -b /
More Info on RAID
These resources may be helpful:
- Arch wiki page on RAID
- Arch wiki page on RAID and LVM
- Arch wiki page on Converting an existing system to RAID Gentoo wiki page on the same
- Gentoo Linux Wiki: RAID/Software (via archive.org)
- Gentoo Linux Wiki: Software RAID Install (via archive.org)
- https://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/gentoo-x86-tipsntricks.xml#software-raid
- Gentoo Linux x86 with Software Raid and LVM2 Quick Install Guide (via archive.org)
- Yannick Loth: Installing Archlinux with software raid1, encrypted filesystem and LVM2 (via archive.org)
- Debian MADM FAQ (via archive.org)
- Linux Documentation Project: Linux RAID FAQ
- Linux 101: Arch Linux software RAID installation guide (via archive.org)
- https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Linux_Raid